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    – 2 years ago **files (1)** – ## Soapnote1.docx **## Soapnote1.docx** Name: Mrs. A. M. Age: 45-years-old Date of Birth: 21st February 1976 Referrals: None Gender: Female Source: Patient HPI: For the past week, the patient has been complaining of a dry cough and exhaustion. Shortness of breath is als…

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    – 2 years ago

    **files (1)**

    – ## Soapnote1.docx

    **## Soapnote1.docx**

    Name: Mrs. A. M.

    Age: 45-years-old

    Date of Birth: 21st February 1976

    Referrals: None

    Gender: Female

    Source: Patient

    HPI: For the past week, the patient has been complaining of a dry cough and exhaustion.

    Shortness of breath is also a problem for the patient, particularly when she is exercising. His

    sputum turned green three days ago, and he developed a fever. The patient's heart rate is in the

    80s to 90s. She is still complaining of chest pains and exhaustion, to the point that she is unable

    to exercise her morning routine. This is an urgent problem since she is suffering from severe

    right hip pain. The pain was described as an 8/10 by the patient and lasted for two weeks. Patient

    has a history of injuries from when she was in college playing volley ball.

    PMH: She was diagnosed with hypertension four years ago and takes medicine to manage it. She

    was diagnosed with COPD two years ago and is now on medication. In addition, Asthma, benign

    prostatic hypertrophy, coronary artery, osteoarthritis, hyperlipidemia and syncopal episodes have

    been significantly recorded in medical history in the past.

    Current Medications:

     Fluvastatin 20mg PO daily

     Lisinopril 40 mg PO once a day for hypertension.

     Combivent-Two inhalations that are performed three times a day.

    Allergies: Pollen

    Immunization: Up-to date. She last got her vaccinations in 2020 November.

    Surgical History:

    • After an appendectomy in 2002, she claimed that she was on the verge of passing

    away due to pain.

    • Her tonsils were removed at a young age.

    Family History:

    Mother: Still alive but diagnosed with lung cancer.

    Father: Deceased in 2000 from brain tumor

    Husband: 50-years-old. Works as an Accountant.

    Brother: 70-year-old. He is alive but has been having heart problems for the last 2 years.

    Children: Patient has 2 sons and 1 daughter both are in high school.

    Social History: The patient used to smoke cigarettes and drink beer every Friday night when she

    was young. She gave up all of that more than two decades ago. She now enjoys planting and

    reading inspirational novels.

    Drug use History: Quit smoking one pack of cigarettes. No drug usage for her at the moment

    Physical Examination

    Chief Complaint: Patient complains and states that, “She has been having persistent coughs for

    the past week.”

    Analysis of the Symptoms: With a heart rate in the 80s to 90s, the patient experiences shortness

    of breath especially when she is coughing. She also complains of chest pains and exhaustion, to

    the point that she is unable to complete her morning routine. Since she has serious right hip pain,

    this is an urgent concern. The pain is rated as an 8/10 by the patient and has lasted for two weeks.

    Review of Symptoms (ROS)

    Constitutional: Chills are recorded along with a decrease in appetite. The patient, on the other

    hand, refuses any sweetening, weight loss, or changes in sleeping patterns.

    Head or Face: Denies the feeling of dizziness which causes headache in the past or the present.

    EENT: Eyes: Denies that she has short vision and suggests that she wear optical glasses. Ears:

    Despite the fact that he will need a hearing aid, the patient denies having any illness or hearing

    loss. Nose: Says she doesn't have any nasal discharge or pains. Throat: Denies getting a sore

    throat or speaking with a hoarse voice. The mouth does not have a breath odor. The patient's last

    EENT checkup was three years ago.

    Respiratory: The patient complains of chest pain and a dry cough that worsens in the morning.

    She experienced shortness of breath about a week ago and found that the color of his sputum had

    shifted. Denies having some trouble with her lungs.

    Cardiovascular: The patients deny palpitations and irregular quick cardiac beats. She reports

    that she's not sleeping well because she has chest pain.

    Gastrointestinal: Denies any difficulties with excretion or pattern alteration. Hematemesis is

    reported to have been treated for 5 years.

    Genitourinary: While urinating, she denies getting any discharge or a change of color. There

    have been reports of a mild burning feeling.

    Musculoskeletal: Denies any recent injuries, but admits to having severe hip and joint pains.

    Skin: Denies have excess sweat, rashes, irregular pimples and skin pigmentation changes.

    Diagnostic Considerations

    Vital Signs: T 101.80F, BP 125/87, HR 99/min, RR 32/min, Ht 5”9’, Wt 192lbs, BMI 24.3,

    SpO2: 95% on room air

    General Appearance: The patient appears healthy, no signs of stress and makes the conversation

    lively with the doctor. She is smartly dressed and smiles often

    Head and Face: Patients has a neat head with hair. The face has no scars

    EENT: Eyes: The pupils are symmetrical and fair, with a black iris in size and form. Extraocular

    muscle activity is unaffected. Symmetrical projection of corneal rays on skin, with complete

    visual fields. Natural structures and anatomy are revealed from the tests. There are no signs of

    inflammation, wax, a foreign body, or discharge in the ears. Observation of the tympanic

    membrane reveals a cone of light. Following certain checks, hearing is found to be fine. Nose:

    Mucus is visible in the nasal passage. Throat: The voice is not hoarse.

    Respiratory: The patient is coughing and wheezing and has a dry cough. She had a habit of

    coughing while speaking.

    Cardiovascular: When the patient exercises, she experiences chest pains and rapid heartbeats.

    Gastrointestinal: The abdomen is soft and the patient has no masses. The sounds of the bowels

    are audible.

    Skin: Patients skins is clean and dry. It is evident she has no rashes or lesions.

    Diagnostic Workup

    Main Diagnosis: Acute Pneumonia

    A number of signs and symptoms associated with fever > 100°F (38°C), lower respiratory

    tract inflammation, cough, expectoration, chest pain, dyspnea, and signs of alveolar space

    invasion are used to make a clinical diagnosis (Jarvis, 2016). Older patients, in particular, are

    often afebrile and may exhibit anxiety as well as worsening of underlying diseases.

    Differential Diagnosis
    The clinical symptoms of pneumonia in older adults are usually progressive and unspecific,

    causing exhaustion, drowsiness, diarrhea, and headache. Fever, chills, extreme pleuritic chest

    pain, tachycardia, tachypnea, dry or painful cough, dyspnea, diarrhea, tiredness, myalgia,

    hypoxia, excessive sweating, and abdominal pain are some of the symptoms that can occur.

    Pneumonia may cause older adults to fall or become confused.

    Summary

    Non-Pharmacologic treatment

    1) Relax and rest.

    2) Respiratory Monitoring checkups

    3) Quitting smoking.

    4) Avoiding second-hand smoke.

    5) Positioning should be semi-upright or straight.

    6) Drinking a lot of fluids

    Pharmacologic treatment

    1) Empirical diagnosis is important, because pathogen is often not detectable.

    2) Medication Azithromycin (Zithromax): The patient should take 500 mg, then 250 mg of

    PO every 72 hours for three days.

    3) Influenza vaccine every year

    Health Education

    • Inform the patient of the importance of following the medication.

    • Inform the patient about the importance of pneumococcal vaccination.

    • Educate the patient about the benefits of quitting smoking.

    Follow-ups/Referrals

    Although she is on medication, she has a scheduled appointment in two weeks to assess her

    condition and have a chest x-ray

    Reference

    Jarvis, C. (2016). Pocket companion for physical examination & health assessment (Seventh

    ed.)

    **## Soapnote1.docx**

    Name: Mrs. A. M.

    Age: 45-years-old

    Date of Birth: 21st February 1976

    Referrals: None

    Gender: Female

    Source: Patient

    HPI: For the past week, the patient has been complaining of a dry cough and exhaustion.

    Shortness of breath is also a problem for the patient, particularly when she is exercising. His

    sputum turned green three days ago, and he developed a fever. The patient's heart rate is in the

    80s to 90s. She is still complaining of chest pains and exhaustion, to the point that she is unable

    to exercise her morning routine. This is an urgent problem since she is suffering from severe

    right hip pain. The pain was described as an 8/10 by the patient and lasted for two weeks. Patient

    has a history of injuries from when she was in college playing volley ball.

    PMH: She was diagnosed with hypertension four years ago and takes medicine to manage it. She

    was diagnosed with COPD two years ago and is now on medication. In addition, Asthma, benign

    prostatic hypertrophy, coronary artery, osteoarthritis, hyperlipidemia and syncopal episodes have

    been significantly recorded in medical history in the past.

    Current Medications:

     Fluvastatin 20mg PO daily

     Lisinopril 40 mg PO once a day for hypertension.

     Combivent-Two inhalations that are performed three times a day.

    Allergies: Pollen

    Immunization: Up-to date. She last got her vaccinations in 2020 November.

    Surgical History:

    • After an appendectomy in 2002, she claimed that she was on the verge of passing

    away due to pain.

    • Her tonsils were removed at a young age.

    Family History:

    Mother: Still alive but diagnosed with lung cancer.

    Father: Deceased in 2000 from brain tumor

    Husband: 50-years-old. Works as an Accountant.

    Brother: 70-year-old. He is alive but has been having heart problems for the last 2 years.

    Children: Patient has 2 sons and 1 daughter both are in high school.

    Social History: The patient used to smoke cigarettes and drink beer every Friday night when she

    was young. She gave up all of that more than two decades ago. She now enjoys planting and

    reading inspirational novels.

    Drug use History: Quit smoking one pack of cigarettes. No drug usage for her at the moment

    Physical Examination

    Chief Complaint: Patient complains and states that, “She has been having persistent coughs for

    the past week.”

    Analysis of the Symptoms: With a heart rate in the 80s to 90s, the patient experiences shortness

    of breath especially when she is coughing. She also complains of chest pains and exhaustion, to

    the point that she is unable to complete her morning routine. Since she has serious right hip pain,

    this is an urgent concern. The pain is rated as an 8/10 by the patient and has lasted for two weeks.

    Review of Symptoms (ROS)

    Constitutional: Chills are recorded along with a decrease in appetite. The patient, on the other

    hand, refuses any sweetening, weight loss, or changes in sleeping patterns.

    Head or Face: Denies the feeling of dizziness which causes headache in the past or the present.

    EENT: Eyes: Denies that she has short vision and suggests that she wear optical glasses. Ears:

    Despite the fact that he will need a hearing aid, the patient denies having any illness or hearing

    loss. Nose: Says she doesn't have any nasal discharge or pains. Throat: Denies getting a sore

    throat or speaking with a hoarse voice. The mouth does not have a breath odor. The patient's last

    EENT checkup was three years ago.

    Respiratory: The patient complains of chest pain and a dry cough that worsens in the morning.

    She experienced shortness of breath about a week ago and found that the color of his sputum had

    shifted. Denies having some trouble with her lungs.

    Cardiovascular: The patients deny palpitations and irregular quick cardiac beats. She reports

    that she's not sleeping well because she has chest pain.

    Gastrointestinal: Denies any difficulties with excretion or pattern alteration. Hematemesis is

    reported to have been treated for 5 years.

    Genitourinary: While urinating, she denies getting any discharge or a change of color. There

    have been reports of a mild burning feeling.

    Musculoskeletal: Denies any recent injuries, but admits to having severe hip and joint pains.

    Skin: Denies have excess sweat, rashes, irregular pimples and skin pigmentation changes.

    Diagnostic Considerations

    Vital Signs: T 101.80F, BP 125/87, HR 99/min, RR 32/min, Ht 5”9’, Wt 192lbs, BMI 24.3,

    SpO2: 95% on room air

    General Appearance: The patient appears healthy, no signs of stress and makes the conversation

    lively with the doctor. She is smartly dressed and smiles often

    Head and Face: Patients has a neat head with hair. The face has no scars

    EENT: Eyes: The pupils are symmetrical and fair, with a black iris in size and form. Extraocular

    muscle activity is unaffected. Symmetrical projection of corneal rays on skin, with complete

    visual fields. Natural structures and anatomy are revealed from the tests. There are no signs of

    inflammation, wax, a foreign body, or discharge in the ears. Observation of the tympanic

    membrane reveals a cone of light. Following certain checks, hearing is found to be fine. Nose:

    Mucus is visible in the nasal passage. Throat: The voice is not hoarse.

    Respiratory: The patient is coughing and wheezing and has a dry cough. She had a habit of

    coughing while speaking.

    Cardiovascular: When the patient exercises, she experiences chest pains and rapid heartbeats.

    Gastrointestinal: The abdomen is soft and the patient has no masses. The sounds of the bowels

    are audible.

    Skin: Patients skins is clean and dry. It is evident she has no rashes or lesions.

    Diagnostic Workup

    Main Diagnosis: Acute Pneumonia

    A number of signs and symptoms associated with fever > 100°F (38°C), lower respiratory

    tract inflammation, cough, expectoration, chest pain, dyspnea, and signs of alveolar space

    invasion are used to make a clinical diagnosis (Jarvis, 2016). Older patients, in particular, are

    often afebrile and may exhibit anxiety as well as worsening of underlying diseases.

    Differential Diagnosis
    The clinical symptoms of pneumonia in older adults are usually progressive and unspecific,

    causing exhaustion, drowsiness, diarrhea, and headache. Fever, chills, extreme pleuritic chest

    pain, tachycardia, tachypnea, dry or painful cough, dyspnea, diarrhea, tiredness, myalgia,

    hypoxia, excessive sweating, and abdominal pain are some of the symptoms that can occur.

    Pneumonia may cause older adults to fall or become confused.

    Summary

    Non-Pharmacologic treatment

    1) Relax and rest.

    2) Respiratory Monitoring checkups

    3) Quitting smoking.

    4) Avoiding second-hand smoke.

    5) Positioning should be semi-upright or straight.

    6) Drinking a lot of fluids

    Pharmacologic treatment

    1) Empirical diagnosis is important, because pathogen is often not detectable.

    2) Medication Azithromycin (Zithromax): The patient should take 500 mg, then 250 mg of

    PO every 72 hours for three days.

    3) Influenza vaccine every year

    Health Education

    • Inform the patient of the importance of following the medication.

    • Inform the patient about the importance of pneumococcal vaccination.

    • Educate the patient about the benefits of quitting smoking.

    Follow-ups/Referrals

    Although she is on medication, she has a scheduled appointment in two weeks to assess her

    condition and have a chest x-ray

    Reference

    Jarvis, C. (2016). Pocket companion for physical examination & health assessment (Seventh

    ed.)

  • [Solved] dis

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    Scenario Description: Victoria O'Connor, 37 y/o, has come to the office today with a complaint of fatigue. gave birth 10 weeks ago , she is taking Zoloft and mini pill – 2 years ago

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    Scenario Description: Victoria O'Connor, 37 y/o, has come to the office today with a complaint of fatigue. gave birth 10 weeks ago , she is taking Zoloft and mini pill

    – 2 years ago

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    – 2 years ago **files (1)** – ## seminar5.odt **## seminar5.odt** I'm feeling really confused lately. My family is worried about me." HPI: Pt states he is here for confusion x 3-4 days. States that he can’t seem to remember things and is having trouble understanding what people are saying. He states…

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    – 2 years ago

    **files (1)**

    – ## seminar5.odt

    **## seminar5.odt**

    I'm feeling really confused lately. My family is worried about me."

    HPI: Pt states he is here for confusion x 3-4 days. States that he can’t seem to remember things and is having trouble understanding what people are saying. He states that he feels that his mind is foggy and that he can’t think clearly- it has been getting worse. He is not sure if anything makes it worse and states nothing makes it better. He says that it seems to be worse in the evening when he is tired.

    Medications: Atenolol 50 mg daily

    Allergies: NKDA

    Medication Intolerances: none

    Past Medical History: HTN Chronic Illnesses/Major traumas- none

    Hospitalizations/Surgeries Vasectomy

    Family History Mother alive with hypertension Father alive with type 1 diabetes Social History Admits to having a couple beers with dinner occasionally. Does not smoke or use illicit drugs

    ROS Student to ask each of these questions to the patient: “Have you had any….”

    General Denies weight change, fatigue, fever, chills, night sweats Cardiovascular Denies chest pain, palpitations, or edema. Denies’ hands and feet are feeling cold. Skin Denies delayed healing, rashes, bruising, bleeding or skin discolorations. Respiratory Discloses dyspnea Eyes Denies blurring or visual changes of any Gastrointestinal Denies abdominal pain, N/V/D,

    kind constipation

    Ears

    Denies ear pain, hearing loss, ringing in ears, or discharge

    Genitourinary/Gynecological

    Discloses problems with urinating. States

    that he frequently has to get up during the night to urinate and that it feels as if he is not emptying his bladder completely.

    Nose/Mouth/Throat

    Denies sinus pain, dysphagia, nose bleeds or throat pain

    Musculoskeletal Denies back pain, joint swelling, stiffness or pain

    Breast N/A

    Neurological Denies syncope, transient paralysis, weakness, paresthesia’s, and black-out spells.

    Heme/Lymph/Endo Denies night sweats, swollen glands, increase thirst, increase hunger, and cold

    or heat intolerance

    Psychiatric Denies depression, anxiety, or sleeping difficulties

    OBJECTIVE

    Weight 215 lbs BMI 29.2 Temp 37.1 C BP 150/78

    Height 6’ 0” Pulse 80 Resp 16

    General Appearance

    Healthy-appearing adult male in no acute distress. Alert and oriented; answers questions appropriately.

    Skin Not relevant

    HEENT

    Head is normocephalic, atraumatic, and without lesions. Eyes: PERRLA. EOMs intact.

    Ears: Canals patent. Bilateral TMs pearly gray with positive light reflex

    Cardiovascular

    S1, S2 with regular rate and rhythm. No extra sounds, clicks, rubs, or murmurs.

    Respiratory

    Symmetric chest wall. Respirations regular and easy; lungs clear to auscultation

    bilaterally.

    Gastrointestinal

    BS active in all the four quadrants. Abdomen soft, non-tender. No hepatosplenomegaly.

    Breast N/A

    Genitourinary Not relevant

    Musculoskeletal Not relevant

    Neurological Speech clear. Good tone. Posture erect. Balance stable; gait normal.

    Psychiatric Not relevant

    Lab Tests

    Albumin- 24 hour urine

    CBC with dif

    CMP 14

    UA

    Assessment

    o Differential Diagnoses

    o Acute Urinary Retention with Urosepsis

    Rationale: Difficulty urinating, confusion, and respiratory distress may indicate

    urosepsis. AQ’s urinary issues combined with confusion could be a sign of acute urinary

    retention or a urinary tract infection that has spread to the bloodstream. Urosepsis can

    lead to altered mental status and respiratory distress due to systemic inflammatory

    response syndrome. This condition is common in older men with underlying prostate

    issues such as benign prostatic hyperplasia (Lee & Kuo, 2022).

    o Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure

    Rationale: Difficulty breathing along with confusion could be due to hypercapnia, often

    seen in patients with respiratory diseases such as COPD. In COPD exacerbations, airflow

    obstruction and poor ventilation can lead to CO2 retention, resulting in respiratory

    acidosis. Elevated CO2 levels in the blood can cause confusion, altered mental status, and

    respiratory distress. Underlying lung disease or obesity could be risk factors to explore

    (Villar et al., 2022).

    o Hypoosmolar Hyponatremia

    Rationale: Confusion, difficulty breathing, and urinary issues can also be seen in patients

    with hyponatremia, especially when caused by SIADH. SIADH results in excessive

    release of antidiuretic hormone, leading to water retention and hyponatremia. Symptoms

    of hyponatremia include confusion, shortness of breath, and decreased urine output or

    difficulty urinating (Szerlip, 2021).

    o Final diagnosis: Acute altered mental status

    ▪ Pathophysiology: AMS is a clinical presentation resulting from various

    underlying conditions, and in this case, it could be caused by infections like urosepsis or

    pneumonia, which can lead to sepsis-induced encephalopathy and confusion, along with

    respiratory distress and urinary retention (Lee & Kuo, 2022). Respiratory failure due to

    conditions such as COPD exacerbation or pulmonary embolism could cause hypoxia or

    hypercapnia, resulting in confusion (Villar et al., 2022). Another possibility is electrolyte

    imbalances, such as hyponatremia caused by conditions like SIADH, which can lead to

    confusion, difficulty breathing, and urinary problems (Szerlip, 2021). Further diagnostic

    work-up is needed to identify the underlying cause, including lab tests, imaging, and

    clinical evaluation.

    Plan

    Medications: none

    o Non-pharmacological recommandations: environnemental modifications,

    reorientation techniques, maintaining sleep hygiene, family and caregiver support

    o Diagnostic tests: further testing will need to be done in hospitals such as EKG,

    CXR, CT scan, and possibly an EEG.

    o Patient education: the patient and family should be educated about the importance

    of prompt follow up in the emergency department for further testing.

    o Culture considerations: In some cultures, discussing altered mental status openly

    may be stigmatized. Sensitivity is needed when addressing the issue with the patient and

    his family, particularly if there is fear of embarrassment or shame regarding cognitive

    symptoms.

    Health promotion: routine checkups, stress management, balanced diet, adequate

    hydration

    o Referrals- none

    o Follow up- report to ED immediately

    References

    Lee, C. T., & Kuo, C. H. (2022). Urosepsis and its management in older adults. Geriatrics & Gerontology International, 22(3), 313- 319.
    [https://doi.org/10.1111/ggi.14167](https://doi.org/10.1111/ggi.14167)

    Villar, J., et al. (2022). Acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Pathophysiology and management. Journal of Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine, 12(5), 456-467.

    https://doi.org/10.4172/2375-8494.10001045 Szerlip, H. M. (2021). Hyponatremia: Etiology and management. Endocrine Practice, 27(6), 634-646. https://doi.org/10.4158/EP-2021-0221

    **## seminar5.odt**

    I'm feeling really confused lately. My family is worried about me."

    HPI: Pt states he is here for confusion x 3-4 days. States that he can’t seem to remember things and is having trouble understanding what people are saying. He states that he feels that his mind is foggy and that he can’t think clearly- it has been getting worse. He is not sure if anything makes it worse and states nothing makes it better. He says that it seems to be worse in the evening when he is tired.

    Medications: Atenolol 50 mg daily

    Allergies: NKDA

    Medication Intolerances: none

    Past Medical History: HTN Chronic Illnesses/Major traumas- none

    Hospitalizations/Surgeries Vasectomy

    Family History Mother alive with hypertension Father alive with type 1 diabetes Social History Admits to having a couple beers with dinner occasionally. Does not smoke or use illicit drugs

    ROS Student to ask each of these questions to the patient: “Have you had any….”

    General Denies weight change, fatigue, fever, chills, night sweats Cardiovascular Denies chest pain, palpitations, or edema. Denies’ hands and feet are feeling cold. Skin Denies delayed healing, rashes, bruising, bleeding or skin discolorations. Respiratory Discloses dyspnea Eyes Denies blurring or visual changes of any Gastrointestinal Denies abdominal pain, N/V/D,

    kind constipation

    Ears

    Denies ear pain, hearing loss, ringing in ears, or discharge

    Genitourinary/Gynecological

    Discloses problems with urinating. States

    that he frequently has to get up during the night to urinate and that it feels as if he is not emptying his bladder completely.

    Nose/Mouth/Throat

    Denies sinus pain, dysphagia, nose bleeds or throat pain

    Musculoskeletal Denies back pain, joint swelling, stiffness or pain

    Breast N/A

    Neurological Denies syncope, transient paralysis, weakness, paresthesia’s, and black-out spells.

    Heme/Lymph/Endo Denies night sweats, swollen glands, increase thirst, increase hunger, and cold

    or heat intolerance

    Psychiatric Denies depression, anxiety, or sleeping difficulties

    OBJECTIVE

    Weight 215 lbs BMI 29.2 Temp 37.1 C BP 150/78

    Height 6’ 0” Pulse 80 Resp 16

    General Appearance

    Healthy-appearing adult male in no acute distress. Alert and oriented; answers questions appropriately.

    Skin Not relevant

    HEENT

    Head is normocephalic, atraumatic, and without lesions. Eyes: PERRLA. EOMs intact.

    Ears: Canals patent. Bilateral TMs pearly gray with positive light reflex

    Cardiovascular

    S1, S2 with regular rate and rhythm. No extra sounds, clicks, rubs, or murmurs.

    Respiratory

    Symmetric chest wall. Respirations regular and easy; lungs clear to auscultation

    bilaterally.

    Gastrointestinal

    BS active in all the four quadrants. Abdomen soft, non-tender. No hepatosplenomegaly.

    Breast N/A

    Genitourinary Not relevant

    Musculoskeletal Not relevant

    Neurological Speech clear. Good tone. Posture erect. Balance stable; gait normal.

    Psychiatric Not relevant

    Lab Tests

    Albumin- 24 hour urine

    CBC with dif

    CMP 14

    UA

    Assessment

    o Differential Diagnoses

    o Acute Urinary Retention with Urosepsis

    Rationale: Difficulty urinating, confusion, and respiratory distress may indicate

    urosepsis. AQ’s urinary issues combined with confusion could be a sign of acute urinary

    retention or a urinary tract infection that has spread to the bloodstream. Urosepsis can

    lead to altered mental status and respiratory distress due to systemic inflammatory

    response syndrome. This condition is common in older men with underlying prostate

    issues such as benign prostatic hyperplasia (Lee & Kuo, 2022).

    o Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure

    Rationale: Difficulty breathing along with confusion could be due to hypercapnia, often

    seen in patients with respiratory diseases such as COPD. In COPD exacerbations, airflow

    obstruction and poor ventilation can lead to CO2 retention, resulting in respiratory

    acidosis. Elevated CO2 levels in the blood can cause confusion, altered mental status, and

    respiratory distress. Underlying lung disease or obesity could be risk factors to explore

    (Villar et al., 2022).

    o Hypoosmolar Hyponatremia

    Rationale: Confusion, difficulty breathing, and urinary issues can also be seen in patients

    with hyponatremia, especially when caused by SIADH. SIADH results in excessive

    release of antidiuretic hormone, leading to water retention and hyponatremia. Symptoms

    of hyponatremia include confusion, shortness of breath, and decreased urine output or

    difficulty urinating (Szerlip, 2021).

    o Final diagnosis: Acute altered mental status

    ▪ Pathophysiology: AMS is a clinical presentation resulting from various

    underlying conditions, and in this case, it could be caused by infections like urosepsis or

    pneumonia, which can lead to sepsis-induced encephalopathy and confusion, along with

    respiratory distress and urinary retention (Lee & Kuo, 2022). Respiratory failure due to

    conditions such as COPD exacerbation or pulmonary embolism could cause hypoxia or

    hypercapnia, resulting in confusion (Villar et al., 2022). Another possibility is electrolyte

    imbalances, such as hyponatremia caused by conditions like SIADH, which can lead to

    confusion, difficulty breathing, and urinary problems (Szerlip, 2021). Further diagnostic

    work-up is needed to identify the underlying cause, including lab tests, imaging, and

    clinical evaluation.

    Plan

    Medications: none

    o Non-pharmacological recommandations: environnemental modifications,

    reorientation techniques, maintaining sleep hygiene, family and caregiver support

    o Diagnostic tests: further testing will need to be done in hospitals such as EKG,

    CXR, CT scan, and possibly an EEG.

    o Patient education: the patient and family should be educated about the importance

    of prompt follow up in the emergency department for further testing.

    o Culture considerations: In some cultures, discussing altered mental status openly

    may be stigmatized. Sensitivity is needed when addressing the issue with the patient and

    his family, particularly if there is fear of embarrassment or shame regarding cognitive

    symptoms.

    Health promotion: routine checkups, stress management, balanced diet, adequate

    hydration

    o Referrals- none

    o Follow up- report to ED immediately

    References

    Lee, C. T., & Kuo, C. H. (2022). Urosepsis and its management in older adults. Geriatrics & Gerontology International, 22(3), 313- 319.
    [https://doi.org/10.1111/ggi.14167](https://doi.org/10.1111/ggi.14167)

    Villar, J., et al. (2022). Acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Pathophysiology and management. Journal of Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine, 12(5), 456-467.

    https://doi.org/10.4172/2375-8494.10001045 Szerlip, H. M. (2021). Hyponatremia: Etiology and management. Endocrine Practice, 27(6), 634-646. https://doi.org/10.4158/EP-2021-0221

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    **TEXTBOOK(S) AND REQUIRED MATERIALS: Title: The Marriage and Family Experience: Intimate Relationships In A Changing Society**

    **Author: Theodore F. Cohen and Bryan Strong Publisher: Cengage Learning**

    **Year Published: 2021**

    **Edition: 14th ISBN: 13: 9780357378229**

    **Please answer the following questions. Your answers will be typed in this document and explained in complete sentences. Please do not remove the questions and cite references that you use. There are five questions worth five points each.**
    **Total: 25 points**

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    **Question 2 (5 pts)**

    **There are many theoretical perspectives about how families work and how they fit into society. Compare and contrast two theories from the course textbook. Critique each theory and include your personal opinion of each theory.**

    **Question 3 (5 pts)**

    **Trends in marriages and families are driven by different forces. Identify and explain the four major factors that promoted changes in modern marriages and families.**

    **Question 4 (5 pts)**

    **Humans were created for relationships, and we form and develop relationships with others. Discuss how friendships are similar and different from love relationships. Please include personal examples from your friendships and love relationships in your answer.**

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    **Family Studies**

    **TEXTBOOK(S) AND REQUIRED MATERIALS: Title: The Marriage and Family Experience: Intimate Relationships In A Changing Society**

    **Author: Theodore F. Cohen and Bryan Strong Publisher: Cengage Learning**

    **Year Published: 2021**

    **Edition: 14th ISBN: 13: 9780357378229**

    **Please answer the following questions. Your answers will be typed in this document and explained in complete sentences. Please do not remove the questions and cite references that you use. There are five questions worth five points each.**
    **Total: 25 points**

    **Exam 1 and it covers chapters 1 through 6 of the textbooks. (each question is 300 or more words)**

    **Question 1 (5 pts)**

    **A theme of the textbook is that families are diverse. Describe the diversity of the family and explain how your family is diverse.**

    **Question 2 (5 pts)**

    **There are many theoretical perspectives about how families work and how they fit into society. Compare and contrast two theories from the course textbook. Critique each theory and include your personal opinion of each theory.**

    **Question 3 (5 pts)**

    **Trends in marriages and families are driven by different forces. Identify and explain the four major factors that promoted changes in modern marriages and families.**

    **Question 4 (5 pts)**

    **Humans were created for relationships, and we form and develop relationships with others. Discuss how friendships are similar and different from love relationships. Please include personal examples from your friendships and love relationships in your answer.**

    **Question 5 (5 pts)**

    **Define the term sexual script. Compare and contrast traditional female, traditional male, and contemporary sexual scripts.**

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    Please carefully read both the case “Building on Strengths: A School-Based Mental Health Program” in the e-reader and the attached "Brief Background on School Mental Health Programs and Services" supplemental material. Respond to the following questions. In order to have a productive class discussio…

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    Please carefully read both the case “Building on Strengths:  A School-Based Mental Health Program” in the e-reader and the attached "Brief Background on School Mental Health Programs and Services" supplemental material.  Respond to the following questions.  In order to have a productive class discussion, you must do some preliminary work. Answer the following questions and submit your responses on BlackBoard. This assignment will take additional research and some time to create thoughtful responses.  Answer in complete sentences using proper grammar in narrative (not bullet points) format. Remember to bring a copy with you to class so you are prepared for discussion. Be sure to cite your sources (and you should have some) as you use them and include a complete listing at the end of your submission.  Use correct APA format. Your preparedness and participation will be evaluated as part of your overall case study grade.

    1.What are the similarities and difference between documented and undocumented workers? Cite your source.

    2.How are mental health issues generally viewed in the Latino immigrant community? Cite your source.

    3.Considering your answers to the first two questions, what barriers to engaging immigrant parents (both documented and undocumented) might be encountered when implementing school based mental health program? How can these 4.challenges be addressed?

    What aspects of the Building on Strengths are the most important to preserve in light of impending funding cuts (i.e.:  training parents, cultural competence training for teachers, providing direct services, improving data collection and evaluation, focusing on partnership development, engaging in anti-stigma campaigns, etc.)? Choose two elements.  What is your rationale for these choices? Who should be involved in the planning, implementation, and evaluation of these program components? Identify the barriers/challenges to the elements you selected.

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