Assignment Prompt & Instructions
instructions attached
– 2 years ago
**files (3)**
– ## Createabodyofevidence.docx
– ## Appendix_D2_Synthesis_Table_Examples.pdf
– ## Appendix_D1_Evaluation_Table_Template.pdf
**## Createabodyofevidence.docx**
Create a body of evidence (Evaluation Table) to compare the three studies you appraised in weeks 4 and 5. See the evaluation table templates D1 and D2 (linked below) for examples.
In weeks 4 and 5, you completed the critical appraisal of three studies. This week, you will meld these studies into a synthesis upon which to base practice and standards of care. To create this synthesis, you’ll compare the three studies using an
**“Evaluation Table”** that
includes the following:
1. Citation: Author, Date of Publication, & Title
2. Purpose of Study
3. Conceptual Framework
4. Design/ Method
5. Sample/Setting
6. Major Variables Studied and Their Definitions
7. Measurement of Major Variables
8. Data Analysis
9. Study Findings
10. Worth to Practice:
11. Level of Evidence
12. Strengths/Weaknesses
13. Feasibility
14. Conclusion
Your PICOT question is the driver for the evaluation table and synthesis tables. For example, with data analysis, while many statistics may be reported in a study, only those statistics that assist you in answering your clinical question should be placed in the table. Also, only the findings relevant to the clinical question should be placed in the table. Keeping the order of information placed in the table clear and simple is imperative for comparisons across studies for synthesis.
Some suggestions to make the table user-friendly are to:
(a) use abbreviations (e.g., RCT) with a legend for interpretation,
(b) keep the order of the information the same in each study, and
(c) place similar statistics in the same order in each study for easy comparison.
**## Appendix_D2_Synthesis_Table_Examples.pdf**
850 Appendix D / Evaluation Table Template and Synthesis Table Examples for Critical Appraisal
EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS TABLES
(e.g., Comparisons of Variable of Interest: Outcome, Intervention, Measurement,
Definition of Variable, Levels of Evidence [design] Across Studies)
Example One: The table below is one example for how you could construct a synthesis table for
interventions across studies.
Interventions
1
2
3
Studies A B C
× ×
×
×
D E F
×
×
× ×
×
×
A, study author and year; B, study author and year; C, study author and year, etc.; X, presence of the
intervention.
Example Two: The table below is another example of a synthesis table—this one is focused on
design, sample, and outcome across studies.
Minimally, there should be three synthesis tables: One that refects level of evidence, one
that refects variety of interventions used, and one that refects both intervention and impact on
outcome (see Unit 2 EBP Exemplar). There could be many more types of tables. Choose your
information carefully that you will include in your syntheses tables. Create your OWN synthesis
table—remember the studies are telling the story about your issue! Your studies should indicate
what is important to put in the synthesis table.
Studies
A
Design
RCT
B Quasiexperimental,
correlational
C EBP Implementation
Project
Sample
N = 450
Age: 60–90
N = 35
Age: 75–85
N = 50
Age: 55–90
Outcome
Ethnicity: Falls ↓
80% Asian
20% Caucasian
Ethnicity: Falls ↓
73% Caucasian
10% African American
17% Hispanic
Ethnicity: Falls ↓
100% Caucasian
Used with permission, © 2007 Fineout- Overholt. If you use this evaluation template or the synthesis information,
please let Dr. EFO know how it worked for you by contacting her at ellen.fi neout.overholt@gmail.com.
[mailto:neout.overholt@gmail.com](mailto:neout.overholt@gmail.com)
[https://ellen.fi](https://ellen.fi/)
**## Appendix_D1_Evaluation_Table_Template.pdf**
E
V
A
LU
A
TI
O
N
T
A
B
LE
T
E
M
P
LA
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848
C
it
at
io
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m
p
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M
aj
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at
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ho
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of
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Fr
am
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at
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of
Th
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Va
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&
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it
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St
ud
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Fi
nd
in
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s
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Pr
ac
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ce
L
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St
re
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s/
W
ea
kn
es
se
s
Fe
as
ib
ili
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on
cl
us
io
n
R
E
C
O
M
M
E
N
D
A
TI
O
N
H
er
e
is
w
he
re
y
ou
li
st
y
ou
r
ab
b
re
vi
at
io
ns
in
a
lp
ha
o
rd
er
. E
xa
m
p
le
, L
O
E,
le
ve
l o
f e
vi
d
en
ce
.
C
A
V
E
A
TS
1
.
T
h
is
i
s
o
n
e
t
a
b
le
f
o
r
A
L
L
s
tu
d
ie
s,
n
o
t
o
n
e
t
a
b
le
p
e
r
st
u
d
y.
T
h
e
p
ro
m
p
ts
b
e
lo
w
a
re
o
ff
e
re
d
t
o
h
e
lp
y
o
u
p
o
p
u
la
te
y
o
u
r
ta
b
le
w
it
h
th
e
p
ro
p
e
r
in
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
f
o
r
e
a
ch
c
o
lu
m
n
.
D
o
n
o
t
re
p
e
a
t
th
e
p
ro
m
p
ts
i
n
y
o
u
r
e
v
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
t
a
b
le
—
o
n
ly
p
ro
v
id
e
t
h
e
i
n
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
fr
o
m
y
o
u
r
a
rt
ic
le
s.
2
.
P
a
rs
im
o
n
y
i
s
k
e
y,
s
o
k
e
e
p
a
ll
i
n
fo
s
u
cc
in
ct
a
n
d
c
le
a
r.
N
o
c
o
m
p
le
te
s
e
n
te
n
ce
s
in
a
n
y
c
o
lu
m
n
,
e
x
ce
p
t
fo
r
th
e
fi
n
a
l
o
n
e
u
n
d
e
r
N
O
T
E
S
.
3
.
U
se
a
b
b
re
v
ia
ti
o
n
s
a
n
d
c
re
a
te
y
o
u
r
o
w
n
u
n
iq
u
e
l
e
g
e
n
d
t
o
h
e
lp
r
e
a
d
e
rs
r
e
a
d
y
o
u
r
ta
b
le
.
4
.
K
e
e
p
y
o
u
r
d
e
si
re
d
o
u
tc
o
m
e
i
n
m
in
d
a
n
d
p
u
t
o
n
ly
r
e
le
v
a
n
t
in
fo
i
n
to
y
o
u
r
ta
b
le
.
E
x
tr
a
n
e
o
u
s,
u
n
re
la
te
d
c
o
n
te
n
t
ca
n
c
o
n
fu
se
a
n
d
ta
k
e
a
w
a
y
f
ro
m
y
o
u
r
re
le
v
a
n
t
co
n
te
n
t,
d
is
co
v
e
ry
,
a
n
d
s
y
n
th
e
si
s.
Appendix D / Evaluation Table Template and Synthesis Table Examples for Critical Appraisal
Fi
rs
t
au
th
o
r,
ye
ar
,
ti
tl
e
W
hy
t
he
st
ud
y
w
as
co
n-
d
uc
te
d
?
C
o
ul
d
in
cl
ud
e
th
e
re
se
ar
ch
q
ue
s-
ti
o
n,
hy
p
o
th
–
es
is
, o
r
sp
ec
ifi
c
ai
m
s
o
f
th
e
st
ud
y.
Th
eo
re
tic
al
b
as
is
f
o
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th
e
st
ud
y
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ha
t
re
se
ar
ch
d
es
ig
n
w
as
us
ed
an
d
w
ha
t
w
as
t
he
st
ud
y
p
ro
to
co
l
(w
ha
t
w
as
d
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)?
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um
b
er
,
ch
ar
ac
te
r-
is
ti
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tt
ri
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ti
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n
ra
te
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In
d
ep
en
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t
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(e
.g
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IV
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N
A
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E
—
us
e
ab
b
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IV
2
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s
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D
ep
en
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ri
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s
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.g
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—
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e
ab
b
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vi
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)
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w
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D
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ab
b
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na
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a
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lia
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ty
in
fo
[e
.g
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C
ro
nb
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s]
)?
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s
w
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e
us
ed
t
o
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t
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in
ic
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ll
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at
s
d
o
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o
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ne
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t
o
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p
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in
to
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ta
b
le
)?
L
IS
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LY
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N
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s
o
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ta
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, f
o
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y
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at
is
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t
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t
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at
a
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y
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a
b
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s
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: l
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o
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+
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Appendix D / Evaluation Table Template and Synthesis Table Examples for Critical Appraisal 849
**## Appendix_D1_Evaluation_Table_Template.pdf**
E
V
A
LU
A
TI
O
N
T
A
B
LE
T
E
M
P
LA
TE
848
C
it
at
io
n:
Pu
rp
os
e
C
on
ce
p
tu
al
D
es
ig
n/
Sa
m
p
le
/
M
aj
or
V
ar
ia
b
le
s
M
ea
su
re
m
en
t
D
at
a
A
ut
ho
r,
of
S
tu
d
y
Fr
am
ew
or
k
M
et
ho
d
Se
tt
in
g
St
ud
ie
d
a
nd
of
M
aj
or
A
na
ly
si
s
D
at
e
of
Th
ei
r
D
ef
n
it
io
ns
Va
ri
ab
le
s
Pu
b
lic
at
io
n
&
T
it
le
St
ud
y
Fi
nd
in
g
s
W
or
th
t
o
Pr
ac
ti
ce
L
O
E
St
re
ng
th
s/
W
ea
kn
es
se
s
Fe
as
ib
ili
ty
C
on
cl
us
io
n
R
E
C
O
M
M
E
N
D
A
TI
O
N
H
er
e
is
w
he
re
y
ou
li
st
y
ou
r
ab
b
re
vi
at
io
ns
in
a
lp
ha
o
rd
er
. E
xa
m
p
le
, L
O
E,
le
ve
l o
f e
vi
d
en
ce
.
C
A
V
E
A
TS
1
.
T
h
is
i
s
o
n
e
t
a
b
le
f
o
r
A
L
L
s
tu
d
ie
s,
n
o
t
o
n
e
t
a
b
le
p
e
r
st
u
d
y.
T
h
e
p
ro
m
p
ts
b
e
lo
w
a
re
o
ff
e
re
d
t
o
h
e
lp
y
o
u
p
o
p
u
la
te
y
o
u
r
ta
b
le
w
it
h
th
e
p
ro
p
e
r
in
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
f
o
r
e
a
ch
c
o
lu
m
n
.
D
o
n
o
t
re
p
e
a
t
th
e
p
ro
m
p
ts
i
n
y
o
u
r
e
v
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
t
a
b
le
—
o
n
ly
p
ro
v
id
e
t
h
e
i
n
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
fr
o
m
y
o
u
r
a
rt
ic
le
s.
2
.
P
a
rs
im
o
n
y
i
s
k
e
y,
s
o
k
e
e
p
a
ll
i
n
fo
s
u
cc
in
ct
a
n
d
c
le
a
r.
N
o
c
o
m
p
le
te
s
e
n
te
n
ce
s
in
a
n
y
c
o
lu
m
n
,
e
x
ce
p
t
fo
r
th
e
fi
n
a
l
o
n
e
u
n
d
e
r
N
O
T
E
S
.
3
.
U
se
a
b
b
re
v
ia
ti
o
n
s
a
n
d
c
re
a
te
y
o
u
r
o
w
n
u
n
iq
u
e
l
e
g
e
n
d
t
o
h
e
lp
r
e
a
d
e
rs
r
e
a
d
y
o
u
r
ta
b
le
.
4
.
K
e
e
p
y
o
u
r
d
e
si
re
d
o
u
tc
o
m
e
i
n
m
in
d
a
n
d
p
u
t
o
n
ly
r
e
le
v
a
n
t
in
fo
i
n
to
y
o
u
r
ta
b
le
.
E
x
tr
a
n
e
o
u
s,
u
n
re
la
te
d
c
o
n
te
n
t
ca
n
c
o
n
fu
se
a
n
d
ta
k
e
a
w
a
y
f
ro
m
y
o
u
r
re
le
v
a
n
t
co
n
te
n
t,
d
is
co
v
e
ry
,
a
n
d
s
y
n
th
e
si
s.
Appendix D / Evaluation Table Template and Synthesis Table Examples for Critical Appraisal
Fi
rs
t
au
th
o
r,
ye
ar
,
ti
tl
e
W
hy
t
he
st
ud
y
w
as
co
n-
d
uc
te
d
?
C
o
ul
d
in
cl
ud
e
th
e
re
se
ar
ch
q
ue
s-
ti
o
n,
hy
p
o
th
–
es
is
, o
r
sp
ec
ifi
c
ai
m
s
o
f
th
e
st
ud
y.
Th
eo
re
tic
al
b
as
is
f
o
r
th
e
st
ud
y
W
ha
t
re
se
ar
ch
d
es
ig
n
w
as
us
ed
an
d
w
ha
t
w
as
t
he
st
ud
y
p
ro
to
co
l
(w
ha
t
w
as
d
o
ne
)?
N
um
b
er
,
ch
ar
ac
te
r-
is
ti
cs
, a
tt
ri
–
ti
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n
ra
te
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d
w
hy
?
In
d
ep
en
d
en
t
va
ri
ab
le
s
(e
.g
.,
IV
1
=
N
A
M
E
—
us
e
ab
b
re
vi
at
io
ns
IV
2
=
s
am
e)
D
ep
en
d
en
t
va
ri
ab
le
s
(e
.g
.,
D
V
=
N
A
M
E
—
us
e
ab
b
re
vi
at
io
ns
)
W
ha
t
sc
al
es
w
er
e
us
ed
to
m
ea
su
re
th
e
o
ut
co
m
e
va
ri
ab
le
s
(e
.g
.,
D
V:
v
ar
ia
b
le
ab
b
re
vi
at
io
n,
na
m
e
o
f
sc
al
e,
a
ut
ho
r,
re
lia
b
ili
ty
in
fo
[e
.g
.,
C
ro
nb
ac
h
al
p
ha
s]
)?
W
ha
t
st
at
s
w
er
e
us
ed
t
o
an
sw
er
t
he
cl
in
ic
al
q
ue
s-
ti
o
n
(i.
e.
, a
ll
st
at
s
d
o
n
o
t
ne
ed
t
o
b
e
p
ut
in
to
t
he
ta
b
le
)?
L
IS
T
O
N
LY
T
H
E
N
A
M
E
O
F
TH
E
S
TA
T
St
at
is
ti
ca
l fi
n
d
–
in
g
s
o
r
q
ua
li-
ta
ti
ve
fi
nd
in
g
s
(i.
e.
, f
o
r
ev
er
y
st
at
is
ti
ca
l t
es
t
yo
u
ha
ve
in
t
he
d
at
a
an
al
ys
is
co
lu
m
n,
y
o
u
sh
o
ul
d
h
av
e
th
e
va
ri
ab
le
a
b
b
re
–
vi
at
io
n
an
d
co
rr
es
p
o
nd
–
in
g
n
um
er
ic
al
fi n
d
in
g
; d
o
n
o
t
p
ut
in
cr
ea
se
o
r
d
ec
re
as
e
et
c.
fe
w
t
o
n
o
w
o
rd
s
L
ev
el
o
f
ev
id
en
ce
(L
O
E
)
S
tr
en
g
th
s
an
d
li
m
it
a-
ti
o
ns
o
f
th
e
st
ud
y
R
is
k
o
r
ha
rm
if
s
tu
d
y
in
te
rv
en
ti
o
n
o
r
fi n
d
–
in
g
s
im
p
le
m
en
te
d
F
ea
si
b
ili
ty
o
f
us
e
in
yo
ur
p
ra
ct
ic
e
C
o
nc
lu
si
o
n
fr
o
m
t
he
st
ud
y
(Y
O
U
R
S
no
t
th
e
re
se
ar
ch
er
’s
)
R
ec
o
m
m
en
d
at
io
n
fo
r
us
e
o
f
ev
id
en
ce
in
p
ra
ct
ic
e
(B
SN
, M
SN
,
D
N
P
)
R
ec
o
m
m
en
d
at
io
n
fo
r
in
t
hi
s
co
lu
m
n)
fu
rt
he
r
re
se
ar
ch
(P
hD
)
N
o
te
s
re
g
ar
d
in
g
g
em
s
o
r
ca
ve
at
s
ab
o
ut
t
he
a
rt
ic
le
R
em
em
b
er
: l
ev
el
o
f
ev
id
en
ce
+
q
ua
lit
y
o
f
ev
id
en
ce
=
s
tr
en
g
th
o
f
ev
id
en
ce
a
nd
c
o
nfi
–
d
en
ce
t
o
a
ct
C
o
ns
id
er
u
si
ng
g
ra
d
–
in
g
c
ri
te
ri
a
su
ch
a
s
th
e
U
SP
ST
F
g
ra
d
in
g
sc
he
m
a
to
c
o
m
p
ar
e
ac
ro
ss
s
tu
d
ie
s
ht
tp
:/
/
w
w
w
.a
hr
q
.g
o
v/
cl
in
ic
/3
r-
d
us
p
st
f/
ra
ti
ng
s.
ht
m
Appendix D / Evaluation Table Template and Synthesis Table Examples for Critical Appraisal 849
**## Createabodyofevidence.docx**
Create a body of evidence (Evaluation Table) to compare the three studies you appraised in weeks 4 and 5. See the evaluation table templates D1 and D2 (linked below) for examples.
In weeks 4 and 5, you completed the critical appraisal of three studies. This week, you will meld these studies into a synthesis upon which to base practice and standards of care. To create this synthesis, you’ll compare the three studies using an
**“Evaluation Table”** that
includes the following:
1. Citation: Author, Date of Publication, & Title
2. Purpose of Study
3. Conceptual Framework
4. Design/ Method
5. Sample/Setting
6. Major Variables Studied and Their Definitions
7. Measurement of Major Variables
8. Data Analysis
9. Study Findings
10. Worth to Practice:
11. Level of Evidence
12. Strengths/Weaknesses
13. Feasibility
14. Conclusion
Your PICOT question is the driver for the evaluation table and synthesis tables. For example, with data analysis, while many statistics may be reported in a study, only those statistics that assist you in answering your clinical question should be placed in the table. Also, only the findings relevant to the clinical question should be placed in the table. Keeping the order of information placed in the table clear and simple is imperative for comparisons across studies for synthesis.
Some suggestions to make the table user-friendly are to:
(a) use abbreviations (e.g., RCT) with a legend for interpretation,
(b) keep the order of the information the same in each study, and
(c) place similar statistics in the same order in each study for easy comparison.
**## Appendix_D2_Synthesis_Table_Examples.pdf**
850 Appendix D / Evaluation Table Template and Synthesis Table Examples for Critical Appraisal
EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS TABLES
(e.g., Comparisons of Variable of Interest: Outcome, Intervention, Measurement,
Definition of Variable, Levels of Evidence [design] Across Studies)
Example One: The table below is one example for how you could construct a synthesis table for
interventions across studies.
Interventions
1
2
3
Studies A B C
× ×
×
×
D E F
×
×
× ×
×
×
A, study author and year; B, study author and year; C, study author and year, etc.; X, presence of the
intervention.
Example Two: The table below is another example of a synthesis table—this one is focused on
design, sample, and outcome across studies.
Minimally, there should be three synthesis tables: One that refects level of evidence, one
that refects variety of interventions used, and one that refects both intervention and impact on
outcome (see Unit 2 EBP Exemplar). There could be many more types of tables. Choose your
information carefully that you will include in your syntheses tables. Create your OWN synthesis
table—remember the studies are telling the story about your issue! Your studies should indicate
what is important to put in the synthesis table.
Studies
A
Design
RCT
B Quasiexperimental,
correlational
C EBP Implementation
Project
Sample
N = 450
Age: 60–90
N = 35
Age: 75–85
N = 50
Age: 55–90
Outcome
Ethnicity: Falls ↓
80% Asian
20% Caucasian
Ethnicity: Falls ↓
73% Caucasian
10% African American
17% Hispanic
Ethnicity: Falls ↓
100% Caucasian
Used with permission, © 2007 Fineout- Overholt. If you use this evaluation template or the synthesis information,
please let Dr. EFO know how it worked for you by contacting her at ellen.fi neout.overholt@gmail.com.
[mailto:neout.overholt@gmail.com](mailto:neout.overholt@gmail.com)
[https://ellen.fi](https://ellen.fi/)
**## Appendix_D1_Evaluation_Table_Template.pdf**
E
V
A
LU
A
TI
O
N
T
A
B
LE
T
E
M
P
LA
TE
848
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it
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rp
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ab
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ve
l o
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.
C
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TS
1
.
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h
is
i
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o
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t
a
b
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f
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L
L
s
tu
d
ie
s,
n
o
t
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e
t
a
b
le
p
e
r
st
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y.
T
h
e
p
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ts
b
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w
it
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p
ro
p
e
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in
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a
ti
o
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f
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e
a
ch
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o
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n
.
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o
n
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a
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ts
i
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ti
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a
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le
—
o
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ly
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id
e
t
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e
i
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a
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s.
2
.
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o
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s
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ct
a
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r.
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.
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ta
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.
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p
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n
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t
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ly
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e
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a
n
t
in
fo
i
n
to
y
o
u
r
ta
b
le
.
E
x
tr
a
n
e
o
u
s,
u
n
re
la
te
d
c
o
n
te
n
t
ca
n
c
o
n
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se
a
n
d
ta
k
e
a
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n
t,
d
is
co
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ry
,
a
n
d
s
y
n
th
e
si
s.
Appendix D / Evaluation Table Template and Synthesis Table Examples for Critical Appraisal
Fi
rs
t
au
th
o
r,
ye
ar
,
ti
tl
e
W
hy
t
he
st
ud
y
w
as
co
n-
d
uc
te
d
?
C
o
ul
d
in
cl
ud
e
th
e
re
se
ar
ch
q
ue
s-
ti
o
n,
hy
p
o
th
–
es
is
, o
r
sp
ec
ifi
c
ai
m
s
o
f
th
e
st
ud
y.
Th
eo
re
tic
al
b
as
is
f
o
r
th
e
st
ud
y
W
ha
t
re
se
ar
ch
d
es
ig
n
w
as
us
ed
an
d
w
ha
t
w
as
t
he
st
ud
y
p
ro
to
co
l
(w
ha
t
w
as
d
o
ne
)?
N
um
b
er
,
ch
ar
ac
te
r-
is
ti
cs
, a
tt
ri
–
ti
o
n
ra
te
an
d
w
hy
?
In
d
ep
en
d
en
t
va
ri
ab
le
s
(e
.g
.,
IV
1
=
N
A
M
E
—
us
e
ab
b
re
vi
at
io
ns
IV
2
=
s
am
e)
D
ep
en
d
en
t
va
ri
ab
le
s
(e
.g
.,
D
V
=
N
A
M
E
—
us
e
ab
b
re
vi
at
io
ns
)
W
ha
t
sc
al
es
w
er
e
us
ed
to
m
ea
su
re
th
e
o
ut
co
m
e
va
ri
ab
le
s
(e
.g
.,
D
V:
v
ar
ia
b
le
ab
b
re
vi
at
io
n,
na
m
e
o
f
sc
al
e,
a
ut
ho
r,
re
lia
b
ili
ty
in
fo
[e
.g
.,
C
ro
nb
ac
h
al
p
ha
s]
)?
W
ha
t
st
at
s
w
er
e
us
ed
t
o
an
sw
er
t
he
cl
in
ic
al
q
ue
s-
ti
o
n
(i.
e.
, a
ll
st
at
s
d
o
n
o
t
ne
ed
t
o
b
e
p
ut
in
to
t
he
ta
b
le
)?
L
IS
T
O
N
LY
T
H
E
N
A
M
E
O
F
TH
E
S
TA
T
St
at
is
ti
ca
l fi
n
d
–
in
g
s
o
r
q
ua
li-
ta
ti
ve
fi
nd
in
g
s
(i.
e.
, f
o
r
ev
er
y
st
at
is
ti
ca
l t
es
t
yo
u
ha
ve
in
t
he
d
at
a
an
al
ys
is
co
lu
m
n,
y
o
u
sh
o
ul
d
h
av
e
th
e
va
ri
ab
le
a
b
b
re
–
vi
at
io
n
an
d
co
rr
es
p
o
nd
–
in
g
n
um
er
ic
al
fi n
d
in
g
; d
o
n
o
t
p
ut
in
cr
ea
se
o
r
d
ec
re
as
e
et
c.
fe
w
t
o
n
o
w
o
rd
s
L
ev
el
o
f
ev
id
en
ce
(L
O
E
)
S
tr
en
g
th
s
an
d
li
m
it
a-
ti
o
ns
o
f
th
e
st
ud
y
R
is
k
o
r
ha
rm
if
s
tu
d
y
in
te
rv
en
ti
o
n
o
r
fi n
d
–
in
g
s
im
p
le
m
en
te
d
F
ea
si
b
ili
ty
o
f
us
e
in
yo
ur
p
ra
ct
ic
e
C
o
nc
lu
si
o
n
fr
o
m
t
he
st
ud
y
(Y
O
U
R
S
no
t
th
e
re
se
ar
ch
er
’s
)
R
ec
o
m
m
en
d
at
io
n
fo
r
us
e
o
f
ev
id
en
ce
in
p
ra
ct
ic
e
(B
SN
, M
SN
,
D
N
P
)
R
ec
o
m
m
en
d
at
io
n
fo
r
in
t
hi
s
co
lu
m
n)
fu
rt
he
r
re
se
ar
ch
(P
hD
)
N
o
te
s
re
g
ar
d
in
g
g
em
s
o
r
ca
ve
at
s
ab
o
ut
t
he
a
rt
ic
le
R
em
em
b
er
: l
ev
el
o
f
ev
id
en
ce
+
q
ua
lit
y
o
f
ev
id
en
ce
=
s
tr
en
g
th
o
f
ev
id
en
ce
a
nd
c
o
nfi
–
d
en
ce
t
o
a
ct
C
o
ns
id
er
u
si
ng
g
ra
d
–
in
g
c
ri
te
ri
a
su
ch
a
s
th
e
U
SP
ST
F
g
ra
d
in
g
sc
he
m
a
to
c
o
m
p
ar
e
ac
ro
ss
s
tu
d
ie
s
ht
tp
:/
/
w
w
w
.a
hr
q
.g
o
v/
cl
in
ic
/3
r-
d
us
p
st
f/
ra
ti
ng
s.
ht
m
Appendix D / Evaluation Table Template and Synthesis Table Examples for Critical Appraisal 849
**## Createabodyofevidence.docx**
Create a body of evidence (Evaluation Table) to compare the three studies you appraised in weeks 4 and 5. See the evaluation table templates D1 and D2 (linked below) for examples.
In weeks 4 and 5, you completed the critical appraisal of three studies. This week, you will meld these studies into a synthesis upon which to base practice and standards of care. To create this synthesis, you’ll compare the three studies using an
**“Evaluation Table”** that
includes the following:
1. Citation: Author, Date of Publication, & Title
2. Purpose of Study
3. Conceptual Framework
4. Design/ Method
5. Sample/Setting
6. Major Variables Studied and Their Definitions
7. Measurement of Major Variables
8. Data Analysis
9. Study Findings
10. Worth to Practice:
11. Level of Evidence
12. Strengths/Weaknesses
13. Feasibility
14. Conclusion
Your PICOT question is the driver for the evaluation table and synthesis tables. For example, with data analysis, while many statistics may be reported in a study, only those statistics that assist you in answering your clinical question should be placed in the table. Also, only the findings relevant to the clinical question should be placed in the table. Keeping the order of information placed in the table clear and simple is imperative for comparisons across studies for synthesis.
Some suggestions to make the table user-friendly are to:
(a) use abbreviations (e.g., RCT) with a legend for interpretation,
(b) keep the order of the information the same in each study, and
(c) place similar statistics in the same order in each study for easy comparison.
**## Appendix_D2_Synthesis_Table_Examples.pdf**
850 Appendix D / Evaluation Table Template and Synthesis Table Examples for Critical Appraisal
EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS TABLES
(e.g., Comparisons of Variable of Interest: Outcome, Intervention, Measurement,
Definition of Variable, Levels of Evidence [design] Across Studies)
Example One: The table below is one example for how you could construct a synthesis table for
interventions across studies.
Interventions
1
2
3
Studies A B C
× ×
×
×
D E F
×
×
× ×
×
×
A, study author and year; B, study author and year; C, study author and year, etc.; X, presence of the
intervention.
Example Two: The table below is another example of a synthesis table—this one is focused on
design, sample, and outcome across studies.
Minimally, there should be three synthesis tables: One that refects level of evidence, one
that refects variety of interventions used, and one that refects both intervention and impact on
outcome (see Unit 2 EBP Exemplar). There could be many more types of tables. Choose your
information carefully that you will include in your syntheses tables. Create your OWN synthesis
table—remember the studies are telling the story about your issue! Your studies should indicate
what is important to put in the synthesis table.
Studies
A
Design
RCT
B Quasiexperimental,
correlational
C EBP Implementation
Project
Sample
N = 450
Age: 60–90
N = 35
Age: 75–85
N = 50
Age: 55–90
Outcome
Ethnicity: Falls ↓
80% Asian
20% Caucasian
Ethnicity: Falls ↓
73% Caucasian
10% African American
17% Hispanic
Ethnicity: Falls ↓
100% Caucasian
Used with permission, © 2007 Fineout- Overholt. If you use this evaluation template or the synthesis information,
please let Dr. EFO know how it worked for you by contacting her at ellen.fi neout.overholt@gmail.com.
[mailto:neout.overholt@gmail.com](mailto:neout.overholt@gmail.com)
[https://ellen.fi](https://ellen.fi/)
**## Appendix_D1_Evaluation_Table_Template.pdf**
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Appendix D / Evaluation Table Template and Synthesis Table Examples for Critical Appraisal
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Appendix D / Evaluation Table Template and Synthesis Table Examples for Critical Appraisal 849