Please review my writing assignment. – 2 years ago
Immediate access to the full model answer, formatted citations, and rubric breakdown.
Have this question answered from scratch according to your specific instructions and deadline.
Order on TutorsGallery →Please review my writing assignment.
– 2 years ago
– [\ \ image.jpg](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/image-jpg-10246123 "image.jpg") – 2 years ago
Immediate access to the full model answer, formatted citations, and rubric breakdown.
Have this question answered from scratch according to your specific instructions and deadline.
Order on TutorsGallery →– [\
\
image.jpg](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/image-jpg-10246123 "image.jpg")
– 2 years ago
Hello would anyone be able to help review my rough draft? – 2 years ago
Immediate access to the full model answer, formatted citations, and rubric breakdown.
Have this question answered from scratch according to your specific instructions and deadline.
Order on TutorsGallery →Hello would anyone be able to help review my rough draft?
– 2 years ago
Hello, can someone review my annotated bibliography? – 2 years ago
Immediate access to the full model answer, formatted citations, and rubric breakdown.
Have this question answered from scratch according to your specific instructions and deadline.
Order on TutorsGallery →Hello, can someone review my annotated bibliography?
– 2 years ago
Discussion question due on April 10: look at the attachments for directions and no plagiarism. – 2 years ago **files (1)** – ## ScientificMethodPart8.docx **## ScientificMethodPart8.docx** **Scientific Method – Part 8 Discussion due April 10** Purpose The purpose of this assignment is to assess your…
Immediate access to the full model answer, formatted citations, and rubric breakdown.
Have this question answered from scratch according to your specific instructions and deadline.
Order on TutorsGallery →Discussion question due on April 10: look at the attachments for directions and no plagiarism.
– 2 years ago
**files (1)**
– ## ScientificMethodPart8.docx
**## ScientificMethodPart8.docx**
**Scientific Method – Part 8 Discussion due April 10**
Purpose
The purpose of this assignment is to assess your ability to:
· Define an observational study.
· Describe the main types of observational studies.
· Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of observational studies.
· Define an experimental study.
· Discuss the limitations of experimental studies.
Action Items
Review the key points and videos for this module.
1. Answer the following questions in your discussion post:
2. Compare and contrast observational studies with experimental studies.
a. Discuss at least two common issues that can affect the validity of experimental studies. Include an example for each.
b. In part 7 of this assignment, you discussed your poll/survey results. Now that you have had time to reflect on those results, what conclusions can you draw from your study?
c. Are there any confounding factors in your study? (i.e., is there an underlying reason for any surprising results?)
d. Is your poll/survey question(s) appropriate for your hypothesis? (Was there a better way you could have worded the question(s)? Did you ask the “right” question(s)?).
e. Begin to identify the limitations of your study. (Think about your poll/survey tool, sample population, sample size, etc.).
f. It is common for researchers to identify the next steps for their study in a research article. The “next steps” often address the limitations they identified in their study. Based on your work in part 8, identify some next steps for your study.
g. What type of study would you embark on for your next steps (Experimental? Observational? Which type?) Explain the rationale for your choice.
**## ScientificMethodPart8.docx**
**Scientific Method – Part 8 Discussion due April 10**
Purpose
The purpose of this assignment is to assess your ability to:
· Define an observational study.
· Describe the main types of observational studies.
· Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of observational studies.
· Define an experimental study.
· Discuss the limitations of experimental studies.
Action Items
Review the key points and videos for this module.
1. Answer the following questions in your discussion post:
2. Compare and contrast observational studies with experimental studies.
a. Discuss at least two common issues that can affect the validity of experimental studies. Include an example for each.
b. In part 7 of this assignment, you discussed your poll/survey results. Now that you have had time to reflect on those results, what conclusions can you draw from your study?
c. Are there any confounding factors in your study? (i.e., is there an underlying reason for any surprising results?)
d. Is your poll/survey question(s) appropriate for your hypothesis? (Was there a better way you could have worded the question(s)? Did you ask the “right” question(s)?).
e. Begin to identify the limitations of your study. (Think about your poll/survey tool, sample population, sample size, etc.).
f. It is common for researchers to identify the next steps for their study in a research article. The “next steps” often address the limitations they identified in their study. Based on your work in part 8, identify some next steps for your study.
g. What type of study would you embark on for your next steps (Experimental? Observational? Which type?) Explain the rationale for your choice.
You may select ONE of the following discussion topics (Options A, B, or C) for your original post. **Option A:** After reading about vitamins and minerals in our required readings in this unit, which has a benefit that you’d like to experience? Using paragraph format, include the following informati…
Immediate access to the full model answer, formatted citations, and rubric breakdown.
Have this question answered from scratch according to your specific instructions and deadline.
Order on TutorsGallery →You may select ONE of the following discussion topics (Options A, B, or C) for your original post.
**Option A:** After reading about vitamins and minerals in our required readings in this unit, which has a benefit that you’d like to experience? Using paragraph format, include the following information:
1. Which nutrient are you discussing?
2. What benefits would you like to experience and why?
3. What sources of the nutrient do you currently consume?
4. Describe at least three new ways you can include the nutrient using foods and/or beverages to increase your intake (include the food/beverage and how you could include it in your current diet).
**Option B:** Weight stigma may be experienced by about 40% of the population at some point in their lives. Describe a time that you noticed weight stigma. This could be a personal experience, an experience of someone you know, or something you’ve witnessed in media (TV, movie, magazine, social media, books, etc.).
1. Describe the situation, and make sure to include the following key points:
2. What was the general source of stigmatization (family, social environment, work environment, service providers, or generalized feelings of mistreatment)?
3. What was the action that occurred that would be considered weight stigma or discrimination?
4. What was the response to the action? (How did the person experiencing the stigma respond?)
5. How could this situation have been handled differently to avoid weight bias and discrimination?
**Option C:** Why hasn't there been a solution to the obesity epidemic even after multitudes of research demonstrating the catastrophic impacts it plays on our health, economy, and environment?
1. Choose at least two causes of the obesity epidemic
FOR EACH CAUSE you chose, answer the following questions:
1. Describe the cause
2. How does it impact obesity?
3. Provide an example. Describe a real-life situation that would be part of each cause. (Example: Long commute times leading to less time for physical activity)
4. Consider solutions. What could help address this situation to improve health for those involved? Name at least two possible solutions for each cause you’ve selected to discuss.
– 2 years ago
I only need step 2 and step 3 complete. Please read the instructions thoroughly. **STEP 1:** Complete three full days (24 hours each) of food journaling. (COMPLETE) – Use the guidelines in the Unit 2 assignment for food journaling plus consider the grading feedback for the Unit 2 assignment: Food Jo…
Immediate access to the full model answer, formatted citations, and rubric breakdown.
Have this question answered from scratch according to your specific instructions and deadline.
Order on TutorsGallery →I only need step 2 and step 3 complete. Please read the instructions thoroughly.
**STEP 1:** Complete three full days (24 hours each) of food journaling. (COMPLETE)
– Use the guidelines in the Unit 2 assignment for food journaling plus consider the grading feedback for the Unit 2 assignment: Food Journaling & Carbohydrates and Unit 3 Assignment: Analyzing Lipid Profile. Use the previous assignments and feedback to ensure you include all the information you’ll need to enter your data into the nutrient analysis software, Cronometer.
– You are expected to use your previously submitted food journals after completing your edits. Make sure to correct any errors or omissions based on grading feedback you received on the the previous two assignments.
– Make sure to submit one document that includes all intakes for each of the three days clearly separated by dates.
– Please include three separate dates within this course's timeframe.
– Special Note: If you are concerned about your food journaling skills and wish for a review before submission, reach out to your instructor via email at least 72 hours before this assignment due date for a possible opportunity to have your journals reviewed (ungraded) before moving on to Steps 2 and 3. Your instructor will aim to accommodate all requests for reviews but will alert you if they are unable to do so.
**STEP 2:** Enter data into Cronometer (Cronometer.com), the nutrient analysis software. You must use this specific software to complete the project. Other free analysis software may not contain all the required information needed for this project. Note: If you have an accommodation that does not work with Cronometer, please alert your instructor immediately.
– Download the [Unit 4 Assignment Step 2 Instructions](https://learn.umgc.edu/d2l/common/dialogs/quickLink/quickLink.d2l?ou=1258268&type=coursefile&fileId=Unit+4+Assignment+Part+2+Instructions.pdf) which includes images to help you complete this step.
– You must include images of the entire Nutrition Report that you obtain from Cronometer starting from the date range of the report to the end of the micronutrients (both columns).
– Your images of the Nutrition Report can be in one document or multiple image files, depending on how you copy the report. You may submit as a PDF, Word document, or image files, but the file(s) must be able to be opened or you will not receive credit for this assignment. If no images of the Nutrition Report are submitted, you will receive a “0” and your instructor will reach out to discuss next steps.
**STEP 3:** [Three nutrient tables](https://learn.umgc.edu/content/enforced/1258268-006326-01-2252-US3-7397/Unit%204%20Assignment%20Nutrient%20Tables%20Template_07032024.docx) (MS Word Document) must be filled out completely with both your intake and your recommended intake.
– Your intake information will come from the Cronometer report. Remember that the Cronometer results are an average of your daily intake over the three days of food journaling. For example, if the report shows you’ve consumed an average of 60 grams of protein per day, it means you consume that amount per day on average.
– There are three tables. One each for calories, macronutrients, and micronutrients. All must be completed for this assignment.
– NOTE: To assist with completing Table 3 Micronutrients, you can use the linked [PDF for the Reference Tables for RDA/AI and UL](https://learn.umgc.edu/content/enforced/1258268-006326-01-2252-US3-7397/Reference%20Tables%20for%20Adequate%20Intake%20and%20Upper%20Limits.pdf)
– [\
\
Unit4AssignmentPart2Instructions.pdf](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/unit4assignmentpart2instructions-pdf-10252789 "Unit4AssignmentPart2Instructions.pdf")
– [\
\
Unit4AssignmentNutrientTablesTemplate.docx](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/unit4assignmentnutrienttablestemplate-docx-10252791 "Unit4AssignmentNutrientTablesTemplate.docx")
– [\
\
ReferenceTablesforAdequateIntakeandUpperLimits.pdf](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/referencetablesforadequateintakeandupperlimits-pdf-10252793 "ReferenceTablesforAdequateIntakeandUpperLimits.pdf")
– [\
\
Unit4AssignmentFinalCopy.docx](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/unit4assignmentfinalcopy-docx "Unit4AssignmentFinalCopy.docx")
– 2 years ago
Teach me more about this. – 2 years ago
Immediate access to the full model answer, formatted citations, and rubric breakdown.
Have this question answered from scratch according to your specific instructions and deadline.
Order on TutorsGallery →Teach me more about this.
– 2 years ago
Please see attached document. I will need at least two responses to any of the discussion posts. 100-150 words per response will work. Please provide Ai report as well as plagiarism report. Thank you – [\ \ DiscussionPost2.pdf](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/discussionpost2-pdf-10261839 "Discuss…
Immediate access to the full model answer, formatted citations, and rubric breakdown.
Have this question answered from scratch according to your specific instructions and deadline.
Order on TutorsGallery →Please see attached document. I will need at least two responses to any of the discussion posts.
100-150 words per response will work.
Please provide Ai report as well as plagiarism report.
Thank you
– [\
\
DiscussionPost2.pdf](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/discussionpost2-pdf-10261839 "DiscussionPost2.pdf")
– 2 years ago
see attachment – 2 years ago **files (2)** – ## UnitIIICHS.docx – ## UnitIIISG.pdf **## UnitIIICHS.docx** In this assignment, you are asked to prepare a [matrix](https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/bbcswebdav/pid-17227640-dt-asiobject-rid-167915239_1/xid-167915239_1). You will need to work a bit to …
Immediate access to the full model answer, formatted citations, and rubric breakdown.
Have this question answered from scratch according to your specific instructions and deadline.
Order on TutorsGallery →see attachment
– 2 years ago
**files (2)**
– ## UnitIIICHS.docx
– ## UnitIIISG.pdf
**## UnitIIICHS.docx**
In this assignment, you are asked to prepare a
[matrix](https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/bbcswebdav/pid-17227640-dt-asiobject-rid-167915239_1/xid-167915239_1). You will need to work a bit to mine the data from the textbook chapters and outside sources.
The purpose of this assignment is to allow students to use the foundational skills they have learned so far in the course and to mine for information in printed material, compare countries, learn about mental health practices, analyze data based on outcomes, and develop an action plan. These are basic skills used by health care administrators in a variety of settings and especially apropos to global or international health care.
**For this assignment**:
·
**Complete each box of the** [**matrix**](https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/bbcswebdav/pid-17227640-dt-asiobject-rid-167915239_1/xid-167915239_1) **below with a detailed description.**
·
**Once the matrix is complete, pick two countries from the matrix and write a two-page essay comparing the countries health systems.**
·
**Make sure to expand on each of the categories from the matrix and do not just copy what is in the matrix.**
**Your essay must be at least two pages in length, not counting the title and reference pages. You must have an introduction, a conclusion, and a minimum of three sources (one of which must be academic in nature). All sources used must have proper citations. Adhere to APA Style when constructing this assignment, including in-text citations and references for all sources that are used. Please note that no abstract is needed**.
**## UnitIIISG.pdf**
HCA 4303, Comparative Health Systems 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit III
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
1. Examine factors that influence health care in specified countries.
1.1 Compare health care systems and the factors that affect them.
4. Compare global health care services and systems.
4.1 Plan a comparative matrix on the Americas region.
5. Assess health care models used in other countries.
5.1 Identify specific health care systems in the Americas region.
Required Unit Resources
Chapter 5: United States – Read the following sections.
• Brief History of the Healthcare System
• Description of the Current Healthcare System
• Evaluation of the Healthcare System
• Conclusion
Chapter 6: Canada – Read the following sections.
• Brief History of the Healthcare System
• Description of the Current Healthcare System
• Evaluation of the Healthcare System
• Current and Emerging Issues and Challenges
• Conclusion
Chapter 7: Mexico – Read the following sections.
• Brief History of the Healthcare System
Chapter 8: Peru – Read the following sections.
• Brief History of the Healthcare System
• Description of the Current Healthcare System
Chapter 9: Brazil – Read the following sections.
• Brief History of the Healthcare System
• Description of the Current Healthcare System
• Evolution of the Healthcare System in Brazil
• Current and Emerging Issues and Challenges
UNIT III STUDY GUIDE
The Americas Region
HCA 4303, Comparative Health Systems 2
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
Unit Lesson
In Units I and II, we laid the foundation for global health and policymaking. Throughout the remainder of this
course, we will review the world and its health care systems by region. In this unit, we will begin with countries
in the Americas.
The United States of America
The United States of America has been called a land of plenty, and the residents of the United States enjoy
one of the highest standards of living in the world. It also has the largest and most technologically advanced
economy in the world.
The United States has a unique health system for its approximately 331 million residents, which comprises
about 4.23 percent of the world’s population (WorldAtlas, n.d.). In the United States, health care is the largest
industry, and it has a highly developed infrastructure for delivery of medical services (Johnson et al., 2018).
Globally, on health care, the United States outspends all other nations. The facilities in the United States are
ultramodern with high-caliber schooling. The infrastructure is owned mainly by the private sector; however,
the government is a major financier of medical education health service research, and it operates the military
and veterans’ health systems (Johnson et al., 2018). The life expectancy in the United States is 78.9 years
(Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2021).
The United States has several types of facilities that are listed in the chart below. The inpatient institutions
care for patients who require overnight stays in places like general acute care or specialty hospitals and long-
term care facilities. Outpatient services are delivered via an ambulatory care setting and vary on factors, such
as type of care needed, insurance, and location (Johnson et al., 2018). Home health and walk-in clinics also
fall into the outpatient category. The United States also has public health services that are provided by local
health departments.
Walk-in Clinic (Urgent Care)
The managed care system is the most dominant delivery system in the United States. According to Johnson
et al. (2018, p. 87), “Managed care is a system of health care delivery that (1) seeks to achieve efficiencies by
integrating the basic functions of health care delivery, (2) employs mechanisms to control (manage) utilization
of medical services, and (3) determines the price at which the services are purchased and consequently how
much the providers get paid.” Employers and the government are the primary financiers of the system. There
are two types of managed care organizations: HMOs (health maintenance organization) and PPOs (preferred
provider organization). HMOs typically require in-network access while PPOs allow out-of-network access.
HCA 4303, Comparative Health Systems 3
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
The U.S. health care system is influenced by many external factors such as the economy, climate,
technology, cultural and social values, the physical environment, and the population characteristics. The main
characteristics of the United States health care system include:
• “No central governing agency and little integration and coordination
• A technology-driven delivery system focusing on acute care
• High cost, unequal access, and mixed outcomes
• Delivery of health care under imperfect market conditions
• Government as subsidiary to private sector
• Market justice versus social justice pervasive throughout health care
• Multiple players and balance of power
• Quest for integration and accountability” (Johnson et al., 2018, p. 90)
Canada
Canada is the second largest nation in the world and largest on the North American continent. Its environment
is varied, ranging from its coastal regions, arid plains of the interior, to the polar cap. Canada’s population has
exceeded 36 million people and it is aging (Johnson et al., 2018). The population density is about 4 people
per square kilometer and about two-thirds of the population resides along the southern border (World
Population Review, 2022).
The Canadian government is a constitutional monarchy that is led by the prime minister and has a parliament
with a set number of appointed members. It was originally comprised of the liberal and conservative parties,
but over the years, three to five substantial political parties have existed.
The economy has evolved from resource-driven origins to diverse market sectors, and it is heavily
concentrated along the southern border. It has highly developed infrastructures and public school is provided
at no direct cost to the students.
Cancer is the leading cause of death in Canada and diabetes has been steadily rising in the population. The
prevalence of illness and chronic conditions is considerably higher in certain subpopulations. Canada has a
contemporary health care system characterized by a system of mixed sources of funding, administrative, and
delivery services. The residents of Canada are covered under Medicare, which is a jointly funded
federal/provincial health insurance system and it represents the majority of health care spending. Residential
care facilities and physicians are mostly nongovernmental entities, while hospital sectors are operated by
local and provincial governments (Johnson et al., 2018). There are also not-for-profit private sector hospitals.
Mexico
Mexico is the largest Spanish-speaking country in the world, and it covers 1.9 million square miles of land
(Johnson et al., 2018). It has a multiparty electoral system and is a federation with a presidential
representative and a democratic republic. The government consists of three branches: the executive,
legislative, and judicial.
Like many other countries, Mexico’s economy is experiencing major changes in economic and social
variables. There are also many challenges regarding raising the quality of education, reducing government
corruption, assuring public safety, controlling drug crimes, catching up on infrastructure backlogs, relieving
poverty, and achieving well-being for the majority of Mexicans (Johnson et al., 2018).
The quality of health care is a challenge for the Mexican health system. The life expectancy in Mexico is 75.1
years (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2021). Noncommunicable diseases and
injuries are rapidly increasing in Mexico. This has increased demand for the need for changes that can meet
the needs for cost-effective and equitable services. The Mexican health system has two sectors: public and
private. The public sector includes the social security institutions, Segura Popular, and institutions offering
services to the uninsured. These facilities run and own their own health care facilities and employ their own
staff (except for Segura Popular). The private sector includes facilities and providers who offer for-profit
services (Johnson et al., 2018). The table below explains the Mexican health care system.
HCA 4303, Comparative Health Systems 4
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
Public Sector
• Social Security Institutions
• Segura Popular
• Institutions offering services to the uninsured
o These facilities run and own their own health care facilities and employ
their own staff (except for Segura Popular)
Private Sector • Facilities and providers who offer for-profit services
According to Johnson et al. (2018, p. 131), “The Mexican health system is a segmented system with three
broad categories of beneficiaries: (1) workers of the formal sector of the economy and retired people and their
families; (2) self-employed, workers of the informal sector of the economy, and unemployed and their families;
and (3) the population with the ability to pay.”
Mexico is working to increase access and availability of health care and trying to improve the quality of the
available services. However, challenges still remain (emerging diseases, balance between investments in
public health and personal curative health services and narrowing health gaps).
For further information on Mexico, please consult Chapter 7 of your textbook.
Peru
Several different Andean civilizations have called Peru home, most notably the Incans. The Spanish invaded
Peru and conquered the Incans in 1533, but in 1821, Peru declared its independence. Peru is in the central-
west region of South American. Its topography lends itself to a wide variety of climates, but only 3% of the
land is arable (Johnson et al., 2018).
Almost 9 million people live in Lima, the capital and largest city of Peru, and more than half of the country’s
population of 29 million live in the coastal regions (Johnson et al., 2018). The education level of the population
is increasing and the number of women with advanced education is also increasing.
The government is a constitutional republic with 24 departments, 188 provinces, one constitutional province,
and 1,793 districts. Similar to the United States, it has three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial.
Elections for the president and congress are held at the same time and decided and by popular vote.
Peru’s geography helps its economy. Its abundant mineral resources from mountainous areas make it the
world’s second largest producer of silver and third largest producer of copper. However, the economy is still
fragile and vulnerable to fluctuations of the international market. There are also political and legal instabilities,
natural disasters, and epidemics of concern in Peru. The national poverty rate in Peru has been declining.
However, poor infrastructure hinders the spread of growth in the coastal areas (Johnson et al., 2018).
The Peruvian health system is composed of two sectors: public and private. The public sector consists of
MINSA and EsSalud and the armed forces and police health units and the private sector is made up of
doctors’ offices, local companies, private clinics, and NGOs (Johnson et al., 2018). Below is a table explaining
the Peruvian health system.
Public Sector
• MINSA
• EsSalud
• Armed forces
• Police health units
Private Sector
• Doctors’ offices
• Local companies
• Private clinics
• NGOs
HCA 4303, Comparative Health Systems 5
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
There are four ways to receive health insurance in Peru:
1) Health insurance (SIS): Publicly funded health insurance with a focus on poor and vulnerable
populations.
2) Social health insurance (EsSalud): Provides health and social services to contract and salaried
workers in the public and private sectors and their relatives, and a small percentage of independent
workers.
3) Armed Forces and Police Forces health services: Each has its own hospital. This insurance covers
members and their families.
4) Private insurance companies
Brazil
Brazil was discovered by the Portuguese in 1500 and gained its independence in 1882. It is the largest and
most populated country in South America. It is the sixth most populated country in the world (Johnson et al.,
2018). It continues to be the net recipient of immigrants and it does have a growing middle class. However,
the poverty rate and unequal income levels remain high. Disparities lead to social exclusion and contribute to
a high crime rate in Brazil.
Brazil is a federal republic. Its powers are vested in the central government through a constitution. It contains
26 states and the federal district, Brasilia. It has three branches of government: the executive, legislative, and
judicial. Each state has its own governor and legislature, and the president heads up the executive branch.
The highest court is the Supreme Federal Court which contains 11 justices. (Johnson et al., 2018). The
federal government regulates education through the Ministry of Education and federal funding is used to
develop state and local education programs.
Health care is a top priority for Brazilians. The public health care (SUS) system is hierarchized, universal, and
an integrated system. It provides a wide range of services from primary care to complex surgical procedures.
Health care is available in Brazil to every person, citizen or not, who needs it. There are also no
reimbursement compacts for health care among the Latin American countries and broad-scope services are
not yet fully available in all Brazilian states. Further, there is difficulty to develop a comprehensive strategic
plan for public health care services because of intensive internal and external immigration realities and
funding restrictions.
Pharmaceutical assistance in Brazil is comprised of a generic drug program. There is free medication
distribution at public primary care units and an agreement with pharmacies throughout the country to promote
the free distribution of subsidized medicines (Johnson et al., 2018).
Conclusion
This unit focused on the Americas region, specifically the United States, Canada, Mexico, Peru, and Brazil. It
provided foundational knowledge on the countries demographics and political systems, as well as provided
facts about their health care systems. To learn more about each country, please consult your textbook.
References
Johnson, J. A., Stoskopf, C. H., & Shi, L. (2018). Comparative health systems: A global perspective (2nd ed.).
Jones & Bartlett Learning. https://bookshelf.vitalsource.com/#/books/9781284145038
WorldAtlas. (n.d.). Countries by percentage of world population.
https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/countries-by-percentage-of-world-population.html
World Population Review. (2022). Canada population 2022.
https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/canada-population
– Course Learning Outcomes for Unit III
– Required Unit Resources
– Unit Lesson
– The United States of America
– Canada
– Mexico
– Peru
– Brazil
– Conclusion
– References
**## UnitIIISG.pdf**
HCA 4303, Comparative Health Systems 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit III
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
1. Examine factors that influence health care in specified countries.
1.1 Compare health care systems and the factors that affect them.
4. Compare global health care services and systems.
4.1 Plan a comparative matrix on the Americas region.
5. Assess health care models used in other countries.
5.1 Identify specific health care systems in the Americas region.
Required Unit Resources
Chapter 5: United States – Read the following sections.
• Brief History of the Healthcare System
• Description of the Current Healthcare System
• Evaluation of the Healthcare System
• Conclusion
Chapter 6: Canada – Read the following sections.
• Brief History of the Healthcare System
• Description of the Current Healthcare System
• Evaluation of the Healthcare System
• Current and Emerging Issues and Challenges
• Conclusion
Chapter 7: Mexico – Read the following sections.
• Brief History of the Healthcare System
Chapter 8: Peru – Read the following sections.
• Brief History of the Healthcare System
• Description of the Current Healthcare System
Chapter 9: Brazil – Read the following sections.
• Brief History of the Healthcare System
• Description of the Current Healthcare System
• Evolution of the Healthcare System in Brazil
• Current and Emerging Issues and Challenges
UNIT III STUDY GUIDE
The Americas Region
HCA 4303, Comparative Health Systems 2
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
Unit Lesson
In Units I and II, we laid the foundation for global health and policymaking. Throughout the remainder of this
course, we will review the world and its health care systems by region. In this unit, we will begin with countries
in the Americas.
The United States of America
The United States of America has been called a land of plenty, and the residents of the United States enjoy
one of the highest standards of living in the world. It also has the largest and most technologically advanced
economy in the world.
The United States has a unique health system for its approximately 331 million residents, which comprises
about 4.23 percent of the world’s population (WorldAtlas, n.d.). In the United States, health care is the largest
industry, and it has a highly developed infrastructure for delivery of medical services (Johnson et al., 2018).
Globally, on health care, the United States outspends all other nations. The facilities in the United States are
ultramodern with high-caliber schooling. The infrastructure is owned mainly by the private sector; however,
the government is a major financier of medical education health service research, and it operates the military
and veterans’ health systems (Johnson et al., 2018). The life expectancy in the United States is 78.9 years
(Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2021).
The United States has several types of facilities that are listed in the chart below. The inpatient institutions
care for patients who require overnight stays in places like general acute care or specialty hospitals and long-
term care facilities. Outpatient services are delivered via an ambulatory care setting and vary on factors, such
as type of care needed, insurance, and location (Johnson et al., 2018). Home health and walk-in clinics also
fall into the outpatient category. The United States also has public health services that are provided by local
health departments.
Walk-in Clinic (Urgent Care)
The managed care system is the most dominant delivery system in the United States. According to Johnson
et al. (2018, p. 87), “Managed care is a system of health care delivery that (1) seeks to achieve efficiencies by
integrating the basic functions of health care delivery, (2) employs mechanisms to control (manage) utilization
of medical services, and (3) determines the price at which the services are purchased and consequently how
much the providers get paid.” Employers and the government are the primary financiers of the system. There
are two types of managed care organizations: HMOs (health maintenance organization) and PPOs (preferred
provider organization). HMOs typically require in-network access while PPOs allow out-of-network access.
HCA 4303, Comparative Health Systems 3
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
The U.S. health care system is influenced by many external factors such as the economy, climate,
technology, cultural and social values, the physical environment, and the population characteristics. The main
characteristics of the United States health care system include:
• “No central governing agency and little integration and coordination
• A technology-driven delivery system focusing on acute care
• High cost, unequal access, and mixed outcomes
• Delivery of health care under imperfect market conditions
• Government as subsidiary to private sector
• Market justice versus social justice pervasive throughout health care
• Multiple players and balance of power
• Quest for integration and accountability” (Johnson et al., 2018, p. 90)
Canada
Canada is the second largest nation in the world and largest on the North American continent. Its environment
is varied, ranging from its coastal regions, arid plains of the interior, to the polar cap. Canada’s population has
exceeded 36 million people and it is aging (Johnson et al., 2018). The population density is about 4 people
per square kilometer and about two-thirds of the population resides along the southern border (World
Population Review, 2022).
The Canadian government is a constitutional monarchy that is led by the prime minister and has a parliament
with a set number of appointed members. It was originally comprised of the liberal and conservative parties,
but over the years, three to five substantial political parties have existed.
The economy has evolved from resource-driven origins to diverse market sectors, and it is heavily
concentrated along the southern border. It has highly developed infrastructures and public school is provided
at no direct cost to the students.
Cancer is the leading cause of death in Canada and diabetes has been steadily rising in the population. The
prevalence of illness and chronic conditions is considerably higher in certain subpopulations. Canada has a
contemporary health care system characterized by a system of mixed sources of funding, administrative, and
delivery services. The residents of Canada are covered under Medicare, which is a jointly funded
federal/provincial health insurance system and it represents the majority of health care spending. Residential
care facilities and physicians are mostly nongovernmental entities, while hospital sectors are operated by
local and provincial governments (Johnson et al., 2018). There are also not-for-profit private sector hospitals.
Mexico
Mexico is the largest Spanish-speaking country in the world, and it covers 1.9 million square miles of land
(Johnson et al., 2018). It has a multiparty electoral system and is a federation with a presidential
representative and a democratic republic. The government consists of three branches: the executive,
legislative, and judicial.
Like many other countries, Mexico’s economy is experiencing major changes in economic and social
variables. There are also many challenges regarding raising the quality of education, reducing government
corruption, assuring public safety, controlling drug crimes, catching up on infrastructure backlogs, relieving
poverty, and achieving well-being for the majority of Mexicans (Johnson et al., 2018).
The quality of health care is a challenge for the Mexican health system. The life expectancy in Mexico is 75.1
years (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2021). Noncommunicable diseases and
injuries are rapidly increasing in Mexico. This has increased demand for the need for changes that can meet
the needs for cost-effective and equitable services. The Mexican health system has two sectors: public and
private. The public sector includes the social security institutions, Segura Popular, and institutions offering
services to the uninsured. These facilities run and own their own health care facilities and employ their own
staff (except for Segura Popular). The private sector includes facilities and providers who offer for-profit
services (Johnson et al., 2018). The table below explains the Mexican health care system.
HCA 4303, Comparative Health Systems 4
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
Public Sector
• Social Security Institutions
• Segura Popular
• Institutions offering services to the uninsured
o These facilities run and own their own health care facilities and employ
their own staff (except for Segura Popular)
Private Sector • Facilities and providers who offer for-profit services
According to Johnson et al. (2018, p. 131), “The Mexican health system is a segmented system with three
broad categories of beneficiaries: (1) workers of the formal sector of the economy and retired people and their
families; (2) self-employed, workers of the informal sector of the economy, and unemployed and their families;
and (3) the population with the ability to pay.”
Mexico is working to increase access and availability of health care and trying to improve the quality of the
available services. However, challenges still remain (emerging diseases, balance between investments in
public health and personal curative health services and narrowing health gaps).
For further information on Mexico, please consult Chapter 7 of your textbook.
Peru
Several different Andean civilizations have called Peru home, most notably the Incans. The Spanish invaded
Peru and conquered the Incans in 1533, but in 1821, Peru declared its independence. Peru is in the central-
west region of South American. Its topography lends itself to a wide variety of climates, but only 3% of the
land is arable (Johnson et al., 2018).
Almost 9 million people live in Lima, the capital and largest city of Peru, and more than half of the country’s
population of 29 million live in the coastal regions (Johnson et al., 2018). The education level of the population
is increasing and the number of women with advanced education is also increasing.
The government is a constitutional republic with 24 departments, 188 provinces, one constitutional province,
and 1,793 districts. Similar to the United States, it has three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial.
Elections for the president and congress are held at the same time and decided and by popular vote.
Peru’s geography helps its economy. Its abundant mineral resources from mountainous areas make it the
world’s second largest producer of silver and third largest producer of copper. However, the economy is still
fragile and vulnerable to fluctuations of the international market. There are also political and legal instabilities,
natural disasters, and epidemics of concern in Peru. The national poverty rate in Peru has been declining.
However, poor infrastructure hinders the spread of growth in the coastal areas (Johnson et al., 2018).
The Peruvian health system is composed of two sectors: public and private. The public sector consists of
MINSA and EsSalud and the armed forces and police health units and the private sector is made up of
doctors’ offices, local companies, private clinics, and NGOs (Johnson et al., 2018). Below is a table explaining
the Peruvian health system.
Public Sector
• MINSA
• EsSalud
• Armed forces
• Police health units
Private Sector
• Doctors’ offices
• Local companies
• Private clinics
• NGOs
HCA 4303, Comparative Health Systems 5
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
There are four ways to receive health insurance in Peru:
1) Health insurance (SIS): Publicly funded health insurance with a focus on poor and vulnerable
populations.
2) Social health insurance (EsSalud): Provides health and social services to contract and salaried
workers in the public and private sectors and their relatives, and a small percentage of independent
workers.
3) Armed Forces and Police Forces health services: Each has its own hospital. This insurance covers
members and their families.
4) Private insurance companies
Brazil
Brazil was discovered by the Portuguese in 1500 and gained its independence in 1882. It is the largest and
most populated country in South America. It is the sixth most populated country in the world (Johnson et al.,
2018). It continues to be the net recipient of immigrants and it does have a growing middle class. However,
the poverty rate and unequal income levels remain high. Disparities lead to social exclusion and contribute to
a high crime rate in Brazil.
Brazil is a federal republic. Its powers are vested in the central government through a constitution. It contains
26 states and the federal district, Brasilia. It has three branches of government: the executive, legislative, and
judicial. Each state has its own governor and legislature, and the president heads up the executive branch.
The highest court is the Supreme Federal Court which contains 11 justices. (Johnson et al., 2018). The
federal government regulates education through the Ministry of Education and federal funding is used to
develop state and local education programs.
Health care is a top priority for Brazilians. The public health care (SUS) system is hierarchized, universal, and
an integrated system. It provides a wide range of services from primary care to complex surgical procedures.
Health care is available in Brazil to every person, citizen or not, who needs it. There are also no
reimbursement compacts for health care among the Latin American countries and broad-scope services are
not yet fully available in all Brazilian states. Further, there is difficulty to develop a comprehensive strategic
plan for public health care services because of intensive internal and external immigration realities and
funding restrictions.
Pharmaceutical assistance in Brazil is comprised of a generic drug program. There is free medication
distribution at public primary care units and an agreement with pharmacies throughout the country to promote
the free distribution of subsidized medicines (Johnson et al., 2018).
Conclusion
This unit focused on the Americas region, specifically the United States, Canada, Mexico, Peru, and Brazil. It
provided foundational knowledge on the countries demographics and political systems, as well as provided
facts about their health care systems. To learn more about each country, please consult your textbook.
References
Johnson, J. A., Stoskopf, C. H., & Shi, L. (2018). Comparative health systems: A global perspective (2nd ed.).
Jones & Bartlett Learning. https://bookshelf.vitalsource.com/#/books/9781284145038
WorldAtlas. (n.d.). Countries by percentage of world population.
https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/countries-by-percentage-of-world-population.html
World Population Review. (2022). Canada population 2022.
https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/canada-population
– Course Learning Outcomes for Unit III
– Required Unit Resources
– Unit Lesson
– The United States of America
– Canada
– Mexico
– Peru
– Brazil
– Conclusion
– References
**## UnitIIICHS.docx**
In this assignment, you are asked to prepare a
[matrix](https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/bbcswebdav/pid-17227640-dt-asiobject-rid-167915239_1/xid-167915239_1). You will need to work a bit to mine the data from the textbook chapters and outside sources.
The purpose of this assignment is to allow students to use the foundational skills they have learned so far in the course and to mine for information in printed material, compare countries, learn about mental health practices, analyze data based on outcomes, and develop an action plan. These are basic skills used by health care administrators in a variety of settings and especially apropos to global or international health care.
**For this assignment**:
·
**Complete each box of the** [**matrix**](https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/bbcswebdav/pid-17227640-dt-asiobject-rid-167915239_1/xid-167915239_1) **below with a detailed description.**
·
**Once the matrix is complete, pick two countries from the matrix and write a two-page essay comparing the countries health systems.**
·
**Make sure to expand on each of the categories from the matrix and do not just copy what is in the matrix.**
**Your essay must be at least two pages in length, not counting the title and reference pages. You must have an introduction, a conclusion, and a minimum of three sources (one of which must be academic in nature). All sources used must have proper citations. Adhere to APA Style when constructing this assignment, including in-text citations and references for all sources that are used. Please note that no abstract is needed**.
**## UnitIIISG.pdf**
HCA 4303, Comparative Health Systems 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit III
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
1. Examine factors that influence health care in specified countries.
1.1 Compare health care systems and the factors that affect them.
4. Compare global health care services and systems.
4.1 Plan a comparative matrix on the Americas region.
5. Assess health care models used in other countries.
5.1 Identify specific health care systems in the Americas region.
Required Unit Resources
Chapter 5: United States – Read the following sections.
• Brief History of the Healthcare System
• Description of the Current Healthcare System
• Evaluation of the Healthcare System
• Conclusion
Chapter 6: Canada – Read the following sections.
• Brief History of the Healthcare System
• Description of the Current Healthcare System
• Evaluation of the Healthcare System
• Current and Emerging Issues and Challenges
• Conclusion
Chapter 7: Mexico – Read the following sections.
• Brief History of the Healthcare System
Chapter 8: Peru – Read the following sections.
• Brief History of the Healthcare System
• Description of the Current Healthcare System
Chapter 9: Brazil – Read the following sections.
• Brief History of the Healthcare System
• Description of the Current Healthcare System
• Evolution of the Healthcare System in Brazil
• Current and Emerging Issues and Challenges
UNIT III STUDY GUIDE
The Americas Region
HCA 4303, Comparative Health Systems 2
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
Unit Lesson
In Units I and II, we laid the foundation for global health and policymaking. Throughout the remainder of this
course, we will review the world and its health care systems by region. In this unit, we will begin with countries
in the Americas.
The United States of America
The United States of America has been called a land of plenty, and the residents of the United States enjoy
one of the highest standards of living in the world. It also has the largest and most technologically advanced
economy in the world.
The United States has a unique health system for its approximately 331 million residents, which comprises
about 4.23 percent of the world’s population (WorldAtlas, n.d.). In the United States, health care is the largest
industry, and it has a highly developed infrastructure for delivery of medical services (Johnson et al., 2018).
Globally, on health care, the United States outspends all other nations. The facilities in the United States are
ultramodern with high-caliber schooling. The infrastructure is owned mainly by the private sector; however,
the government is a major financier of medical education health service research, and it operates the military
and veterans’ health systems (Johnson et al., 2018). The life expectancy in the United States is 78.9 years
(Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2021).
The United States has several types of facilities that are listed in the chart below. The inpatient institutions
care for patients who require overnight stays in places like general acute care or specialty hospitals and long-
term care facilities. Outpatient services are delivered via an ambulatory care setting and vary on factors, such
as type of care needed, insurance, and location (Johnson et al., 2018). Home health and walk-in clinics also
fall into the outpatient category. The United States also has public health services that are provided by local
health departments.
Walk-in Clinic (Urgent Care)
The managed care system is the most dominant delivery system in the United States. According to Johnson
et al. (2018, p. 87), “Managed care is a system of health care delivery that (1) seeks to achieve efficiencies by
integrating the basic functions of health care delivery, (2) employs mechanisms to control (manage) utilization
of medical services, and (3) determines the price at which the services are purchased and consequently how
much the providers get paid.” Employers and the government are the primary financiers of the system. There
are two types of managed care organizations: HMOs (health maintenance organization) and PPOs (preferred
provider organization). HMOs typically require in-network access while PPOs allow out-of-network access.
HCA 4303, Comparative Health Systems 3
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
The U.S. health care system is influenced by many external factors such as the economy, climate,
technology, cultural and social values, the physical environment, and the population characteristics. The main
characteristics of the United States health care system include:
• “No central governing agency and little integration and coordination
• A technology-driven delivery system focusing on acute care
• High cost, unequal access, and mixed outcomes
• Delivery of health care under imperfect market conditions
• Government as subsidiary to private sector
• Market justice versus social justice pervasive throughout health care
• Multiple players and balance of power
• Quest for integration and accountability” (Johnson et al., 2018, p. 90)
Canada
Canada is the second largest nation in the world and largest on the North American continent. Its environment
is varied, ranging from its coastal regions, arid plains of the interior, to the polar cap. Canada’s population has
exceeded 36 million people and it is aging (Johnson et al., 2018). The population density is about 4 people
per square kilometer and about two-thirds of the population resides along the southern border (World
Population Review, 2022).
The Canadian government is a constitutional monarchy that is led by the prime minister and has a parliament
with a set number of appointed members. It was originally comprised of the liberal and conservative parties,
but over the years, three to five substantial political parties have existed.
The economy has evolved from resource-driven origins to diverse market sectors, and it is heavily
concentrated along the southern border. It has highly developed infrastructures and public school is provided
at no direct cost to the students.
Cancer is the leading cause of death in Canada and diabetes has been steadily rising in the population. The
prevalence of illness and chronic conditions is considerably higher in certain subpopulations. Canada has a
contemporary health care system characterized by a system of mixed sources of funding, administrative, and
delivery services. The residents of Canada are covered under Medicare, which is a jointly funded
federal/provincial health insurance system and it represents the majority of health care spending. Residential
care facilities and physicians are mostly nongovernmental entities, while hospital sectors are operated by
local and provincial governments (Johnson et al., 2018). There are also not-for-profit private sector hospitals.
Mexico
Mexico is the largest Spanish-speaking country in the world, and it covers 1.9 million square miles of land
(Johnson et al., 2018). It has a multiparty electoral system and is a federation with a presidential
representative and a democratic republic. The government consists of three branches: the executive,
legislative, and judicial.
Like many other countries, Mexico’s economy is experiencing major changes in economic and social
variables. There are also many challenges regarding raising the quality of education, reducing government
corruption, assuring public safety, controlling drug crimes, catching up on infrastructure backlogs, relieving
poverty, and achieving well-being for the majority of Mexicans (Johnson et al., 2018).
The quality of health care is a challenge for the Mexican health system. The life expectancy in Mexico is 75.1
years (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2021). Noncommunicable diseases and
injuries are rapidly increasing in Mexico. This has increased demand for the need for changes that can meet
the needs for cost-effective and equitable services. The Mexican health system has two sectors: public and
private. The public sector includes the social security institutions, Segura Popular, and institutions offering
services to the uninsured. These facilities run and own their own health care facilities and employ their own
staff (except for Segura Popular). The private sector includes facilities and providers who offer for-profit
services (Johnson et al., 2018). The table below explains the Mexican health care system.
HCA 4303, Comparative Health Systems 4
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
Public Sector
• Social Security Institutions
• Segura Popular
• Institutions offering services to the uninsured
o These facilities run and own their own health care facilities and employ
their own staff (except for Segura Popular)
Private Sector • Facilities and providers who offer for-profit services
According to Johnson et al. (2018, p. 131), “The Mexican health system is a segmented system with three
broad categories of beneficiaries: (1) workers of the formal sector of the economy and retired people and their
families; (2) self-employed, workers of the informal sector of the economy, and unemployed and their families;
and (3) the population with the ability to pay.”
Mexico is working to increase access and availability of health care and trying to improve the quality of the
available services. However, challenges still remain (emerging diseases, balance between investments in
public health and personal curative health services and narrowing health gaps).
For further information on Mexico, please consult Chapter 7 of your textbook.
Peru
Several different Andean civilizations have called Peru home, most notably the Incans. The Spanish invaded
Peru and conquered the Incans in 1533, but in 1821, Peru declared its independence. Peru is in the central-
west region of South American. Its topography lends itself to a wide variety of climates, but only 3% of the
land is arable (Johnson et al., 2018).
Almost 9 million people live in Lima, the capital and largest city of Peru, and more than half of the country’s
population of 29 million live in the coastal regions (Johnson et al., 2018). The education level of the population
is increasing and the number of women with advanced education is also increasing.
The government is a constitutional republic with 24 departments, 188 provinces, one constitutional province,
and 1,793 districts. Similar to the United States, it has three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial.
Elections for the president and congress are held at the same time and decided and by popular vote.
Peru’s geography helps its economy. Its abundant mineral resources from mountainous areas make it the
world’s second largest producer of silver and third largest producer of copper. However, the economy is still
fragile and vulnerable to fluctuations of the international market. There are also political and legal instabilities,
natural disasters, and epidemics of concern in Peru. The national poverty rate in Peru has been declining.
However, poor infrastructure hinders the spread of growth in the coastal areas (Johnson et al., 2018).
The Peruvian health system is composed of two sectors: public and private. The public sector consists of
MINSA and EsSalud and the armed forces and police health units and the private sector is made up of
doctors’ offices, local companies, private clinics, and NGOs (Johnson et al., 2018). Below is a table explaining
the Peruvian health system.
Public Sector
• MINSA
• EsSalud
• Armed forces
• Police health units
Private Sector
• Doctors’ offices
• Local companies
• Private clinics
• NGOs
HCA 4303, Comparative Health Systems 5
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
There are four ways to receive health insurance in Peru:
1) Health insurance (SIS): Publicly funded health insurance with a focus on poor and vulnerable
populations.
2) Social health insurance (EsSalud): Provides health and social services to contract and salaried
workers in the public and private sectors and their relatives, and a small percentage of independent
workers.
3) Armed Forces and Police Forces health services: Each has its own hospital. This insurance covers
members and their families.
4) Private insurance companies
Brazil
Brazil was discovered by the Portuguese in 1500 and gained its independence in 1882. It is the largest and
most populated country in South America. It is the sixth most populated country in the world (Johnson et al.,
2018). It continues to be the net recipient of immigrants and it does have a growing middle class. However,
the poverty rate and unequal income levels remain high. Disparities lead to social exclusion and contribute to
a high crime rate in Brazil.
Brazil is a federal republic. Its powers are vested in the central government through a constitution. It contains
26 states and the federal district, Brasilia. It has three branches of government: the executive, legislative, and
judicial. Each state has its own governor and legislature, and the president heads up the executive branch.
The highest court is the Supreme Federal Court which contains 11 justices. (Johnson et al., 2018). The
federal government regulates education through the Ministry of Education and federal funding is used to
develop state and local education programs.
Health care is a top priority for Brazilians. The public health care (SUS) system is hierarchized, universal, and
an integrated system. It provides a wide range of services from primary care to complex surgical procedures.
Health care is available in Brazil to every person, citizen or not, who needs it. There are also no
reimbursement compacts for health care among the Latin American countries and broad-scope services are
not yet fully available in all Brazilian states. Further, there is difficulty to develop a comprehensive strategic
plan for public health care services because of intensive internal and external immigration realities and
funding restrictions.
Pharmaceutical assistance in Brazil is comprised of a generic drug program. There is free medication
distribution at public primary care units and an agreement with pharmacies throughout the country to promote
the free distribution of subsidized medicines (Johnson et al., 2018).
Conclusion
This unit focused on the Americas region, specifically the United States, Canada, Mexico, Peru, and Brazil. It
provided foundational knowledge on the countries demographics and political systems, as well as provided
facts about their health care systems. To learn more about each country, please consult your textbook.
References
Johnson, J. A., Stoskopf, C. H., & Shi, L. (2018). Comparative health systems: A global perspective (2nd ed.).
Jones & Bartlett Learning. https://bookshelf.vitalsource.com/#/books/9781284145038
WorldAtlas. (n.d.). Countries by percentage of world population.
https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/countries-by-percentage-of-world-population.html
World Population Review. (2022). Canada population 2022.
https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/canada-population
– Course Learning Outcomes for Unit III
– Required Unit Resources
– Unit Lesson
– The United States of America
– Canada
– Mexico
– Peru
– Brazil
– Conclusion
– References
**## UnitIIICHS.docx**
In this assignment, you are asked to prepare a
[matrix](https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/bbcswebdav/pid-17227640-dt-asiobject-rid-167915239_1/xid-167915239_1). You will need to work a bit to mine the data from the textbook chapters and outside sources.
The purpose of this assignment is to allow students to use the foundational skills they have learned so far in the course and to mine for information in printed material, compare countries, learn about mental health practices, analyze data based on outcomes, and develop an action plan. These are basic skills used by health care administrators in a variety of settings and especially apropos to global or international health care.
**For this assignment**:
·
**Complete each box of the** [**matrix**](https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/bbcswebdav/pid-17227640-dt-asiobject-rid-167915239_1/xid-167915239_1) **below with a detailed description.**
·
**Once the matrix is complete, pick two countries from the matrix and write a two-page essay comparing the countries health systems.**
·
**Make sure to expand on each of the categories from the matrix and do not just copy what is in the matrix.**
**Your essay must be at least two pages in length, not counting the title and reference pages. You must have an introduction, a conclusion, and a minimum of three sources (one of which must be academic in nature). All sources used must have proper citations. Adhere to APA Style when constructing this assignment, including in-text citations and references for all sources that are used. Please note that no abstract is needed**.
**## UnitIIISG.pdf**
HCA 4303, Comparative Health Systems 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit III
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
1. Examine factors that influence health care in specified countries.
1.1 Compare health care systems and the factors that affect them.
4. Compare global health care services and systems.
4.1 Plan a comparative matrix on the Americas region.
5. Assess health care models used in other countries.
5.1 Identify specific health care systems in the Americas region.
Required Unit Resources
Chapter 5: United States – Read the following sections.
• Brief History of the Healthcare System
• Description of the Current Healthcare System
• Evaluation of the Healthcare System
• Conclusion
Chapter 6: Canada – Read the following sections.
• Brief History of the Healthcare System
• Description of the Current Healthcare System
• Evaluation of the Healthcare System
• Current and Emerging Issues and Challenges
• Conclusion
Chapter 7: Mexico – Read the following sections.
• Brief History of the Healthcare System
Chapter 8: Peru – Read the following sections.
• Brief History of the Healthcare System
• Description of the Current Healthcare System
Chapter 9: Brazil – Read the following sections.
• Brief History of the Healthcare System
• Description of the Current Healthcare System
• Evolution of the Healthcare System in Brazil
• Current and Emerging Issues and Challenges
UNIT III STUDY GUIDE
The Americas Region
HCA 4303, Comparative Health Systems 2
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
Unit Lesson
In Units I and II, we laid the foundation for global health and policymaking. Throughout the remainder of this
course, we will review the world and its health care systems by region. In this unit, we will begin with countries
in the Americas.
The United States of America
The United States of America has been called a land of plenty, and the residents of the United States enjoy
one of the highest standards of living in the world. It also has the largest and most technologically advanced
economy in the world.
The United States has a unique health system for its approximately 331 million residents, which comprises
about 4.23 percent of the world’s population (WorldAtlas, n.d.). In the United States, health care is the largest
industry, and it has a highly developed infrastructure for delivery of medical services (Johnson et al., 2018).
Globally, on health care, the United States outspends all other nations. The facilities in the United States are
ultramodern with high-caliber schooling. The infrastructure is owned mainly by the private sector; however,
the government is a major financier of medical education health service research, and it operates the military
and veterans’ health systems (Johnson et al., 2018). The life expectancy in the United States is 78.9 years
(Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2021).
The United States has several types of facilities that are listed in the chart below. The inpatient institutions
care for patients who require overnight stays in places like general acute care or specialty hospitals and long-
term care facilities. Outpatient services are delivered via an ambulatory care setting and vary on factors, such
as type of care needed, insurance, and location (Johnson et al., 2018). Home health and walk-in clinics also
fall into the outpatient category. The United States also has public health services that are provided by local
health departments.
Walk-in Clinic (Urgent Care)
The managed care system is the most dominant delivery system in the United States. According to Johnson
et al. (2018, p. 87), “Managed care is a system of health care delivery that (1) seeks to achieve efficiencies by
integrating the basic functions of health care delivery, (2) employs mechanisms to control (manage) utilization
of medical services, and (3) determines the price at which the services are purchased and consequently how
much the providers get paid.” Employers and the government are the primary financiers of the system. There
are two types of managed care organizations: HMOs (health maintenance organization) and PPOs (preferred
provider organization). HMOs typically require in-network access while PPOs allow out-of-network access.
HCA 4303, Comparative Health Systems 3
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
The U.S. health care system is influenced by many external factors such as the economy, climate,
technology, cultural and social values, the physical environment, and the population characteristics. The main
characteristics of the United States health care system include:
• “No central governing agency and little integration and coordination
• A technology-driven delivery system focusing on acute care
• High cost, unequal access, and mixed outcomes
• Delivery of health care under imperfect market conditions
• Government as subsidiary to private sector
• Market justice versus social justice pervasive throughout health care
• Multiple players and balance of power
• Quest for integration and accountability” (Johnson et al., 2018, p. 90)
Canada
Canada is the second largest nation in the world and largest on the North American continent. Its environment
is varied, ranging from its coastal regions, arid plains of the interior, to the polar cap. Canada’s population has
exceeded 36 million people and it is aging (Johnson et al., 2018). The population density is about 4 people
per square kilometer and about two-thirds of the population resides along the southern border (World
Population Review, 2022).
The Canadian government is a constitutional monarchy that is led by the prime minister and has a parliament
with a set number of appointed members. It was originally comprised of the liberal and conservative parties,
but over the years, three to five substantial political parties have existed.
The economy has evolved from resource-driven origins to diverse market sectors, and it is heavily
concentrated along the southern border. It has highly developed infrastructures and public school is provided
at no direct cost to the students.
Cancer is the leading cause of death in Canada and diabetes has been steadily rising in the population. The
prevalence of illness and chronic conditions is considerably higher in certain subpopulations. Canada has a
contemporary health care system characterized by a system of mixed sources of funding, administrative, and
delivery services. The residents of Canada are covered under Medicare, which is a jointly funded
federal/provincial health insurance system and it represents the majority of health care spending. Residential
care facilities and physicians are mostly nongovernmental entities, while hospital sectors are operated by
local and provincial governments (Johnson et al., 2018). There are also not-for-profit private sector hospitals.
Mexico
Mexico is the largest Spanish-speaking country in the world, and it covers 1.9 million square miles of land
(Johnson et al., 2018). It has a multiparty electoral system and is a federation with a presidential
representative and a democratic republic. The government consists of three branches: the executive,
legislative, and judicial.
Like many other countries, Mexico’s economy is experiencing major changes in economic and social
variables. There are also many challenges regarding raising the quality of education, reducing government
corruption, assuring public safety, controlling drug crimes, catching up on infrastructure backlogs, relieving
poverty, and achieving well-being for the majority of Mexicans (Johnson et al., 2018).
The quality of health care is a challenge for the Mexican health system. The life expectancy in Mexico is 75.1
years (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2021). Noncommunicable diseases and
injuries are rapidly increasing in Mexico. This has increased demand for the need for changes that can meet
the needs for cost-effective and equitable services. The Mexican health system has two sectors: public and
private. The public sector includes the social security institutions, Segura Popular, and institutions offering
services to the uninsured. These facilities run and own their own health care facilities and employ their own
staff (except for Segura Popular). The private sector includes facilities and providers who offer for-profit
services (Johnson et al., 2018). The table below explains the Mexican health care system.
HCA 4303, Comparative Health Systems 4
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
Public Sector
• Social Security Institutions
• Segura Popular
• Institutions offering services to the uninsured
o These facilities run and own their own health care facilities and employ
their own staff (except for Segura Popular)
Private Sector • Facilities and providers who offer for-profit services
According to Johnson et al. (2018, p. 131), “The Mexican health system is a segmented system with three
broad categories of beneficiaries: (1) workers of the formal sector of the economy and retired people and their
families; (2) self-employed, workers of the informal sector of the economy, and unemployed and their families;
and (3) the population with the ability to pay.”
Mexico is working to increase access and availability of health care and trying to improve the quality of the
available services. However, challenges still remain (emerging diseases, balance between investments in
public health and personal curative health services and narrowing health gaps).
For further information on Mexico, please consult Chapter 7 of your textbook.
Peru
Several different Andean civilizations have called Peru home, most notably the Incans. The Spanish invaded
Peru and conquered the Incans in 1533, but in 1821, Peru declared its independence. Peru is in the central-
west region of South American. Its topography lends itself to a wide variety of climates, but only 3% of the
land is arable (Johnson et al., 2018).
Almost 9 million people live in Lima, the capital and largest city of Peru, and more than half of the country’s
population of 29 million live in the coastal regions (Johnson et al., 2018). The education level of the population
is increasing and the number of women with advanced education is also increasing.
The government is a constitutional republic with 24 departments, 188 provinces, one constitutional province,
and 1,793 districts. Similar to the United States, it has three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial.
Elections for the president and congress are held at the same time and decided and by popular vote.
Peru’s geography helps its economy. Its abundant mineral resources from mountainous areas make it the
world’s second largest producer of silver and third largest producer of copper. However, the economy is still
fragile and vulnerable to fluctuations of the international market. There are also political and legal instabilities,
natural disasters, and epidemics of concern in Peru. The national poverty rate in Peru has been declining.
However, poor infrastructure hinders the spread of growth in the coastal areas (Johnson et al., 2018).
The Peruvian health system is composed of two sectors: public and private. The public sector consists of
MINSA and EsSalud and the armed forces and police health units and the private sector is made up of
doctors’ offices, local companies, private clinics, and NGOs (Johnson et al., 2018). Below is a table explaining
the Peruvian health system.
Public Sector
• MINSA
• EsSalud
• Armed forces
• Police health units
Private Sector
• Doctors’ offices
• Local companies
• Private clinics
• NGOs
HCA 4303, Comparative Health Systems 5
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
There are four ways to receive health insurance in Peru:
1) Health insurance (SIS): Publicly funded health insurance with a focus on poor and vulnerable
populations.
2) Social health insurance (EsSalud): Provides health and social services to contract and salaried
workers in the public and private sectors and their relatives, and a small percentage of independent
workers.
3) Armed Forces and Police Forces health services: Each has its own hospital. This insurance covers
members and their families.
4) Private insurance companies
Brazil
Brazil was discovered by the Portuguese in 1500 and gained its independence in 1882. It is the largest and
most populated country in South America. It is the sixth most populated country in the world (Johnson et al.,
2018). It continues to be the net recipient of immigrants and it does have a growing middle class. However,
the poverty rate and unequal income levels remain high. Disparities lead to social exclusion and contribute to
a high crime rate in Brazil.
Brazil is a federal republic. Its powers are vested in the central government through a constitution. It contains
26 states and the federal district, Brasilia. It has three branches of government: the executive, legislative, and
judicial. Each state has its own governor and legislature, and the president heads up the executive branch.
The highest court is the Supreme Federal Court which contains 11 justices. (Johnson et al., 2018). The
federal government regulates education through the Ministry of Education and federal funding is used to
develop state and local education programs.
Health care is a top priority for Brazilians. The public health care (SUS) system is hierarchized, universal, and
an integrated system. It provides a wide range of services from primary care to complex surgical procedures.
Health care is available in Brazil to every person, citizen or not, who needs it. There are also no
reimbursement compacts for health care among the Latin American countries and broad-scope services are
not yet fully available in all Brazilian states. Further, there is difficulty to develop a comprehensive strategic
plan for public health care services because of intensive internal and external immigration realities and
funding restrictions.
Pharmaceutical assistance in Brazil is comprised of a generic drug program. There is free medication
distribution at public primary care units and an agreement with pharmacies throughout the country to promote
the free distribution of subsidized medicines (Johnson et al., 2018).
Conclusion
This unit focused on the Americas region, specifically the United States, Canada, Mexico, Peru, and Brazil. It
provided foundational knowledge on the countries demographics and political systems, as well as provided
facts about their health care systems. To learn more about each country, please consult your textbook.
References
Johnson, J. A., Stoskopf, C. H., & Shi, L. (2018). Comparative health systems: A global perspective (2nd ed.).
Jones & Bartlett Learning. https://bookshelf.vitalsource.com/#/books/9781284145038
WorldAtlas. (n.d.). Countries by percentage of world population.
https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/countries-by-percentage-of-world-population.html
World Population Review. (2022). Canada population 2022.
https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/canada-population
– Course Learning Outcomes for Unit III
– Required Unit Resources
– Unit Lesson
– The United States of America
– Canada
– Mexico
– Peru
– Brazil
– Conclusion
– References