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see attached. – ## V.docx – ## UnitVIII1.pdf **## V.docx** Considering the critical importance of effective communication during a disaster, discuss the challenges and solutions related to ensuring interoperability among different communication systems used by various emergency response agencies. Ho…

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Assignment Prompt & Instructions

see attached.

– ## V.docx

– ## UnitVIII1.pdf

**## V.docx**

Considering the critical importance of effective communication during a disaster, discuss the challenges and solutions related to ensuring interoperability among different communication systems used by various emergency response agencies. How can these agencies overcome technological and organizational barriers to maintain seamless communication during a crisis.

Your journal entry must be at least 200 words in length. No references or citations are necessary.

**## UnitVIII1.pdf**

HLS 3303, Terrorism Response Operations 1

Course Learning Outcomes for Unit VIII

Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:

8. Relate the benefits of interoperability to terrorism response operations.
8.1 Discuss shortcomings that exist in national systems that could hinder a large-scale disaster or

terrorist attack response.
8.2 Assess communication issues that affect agency interoperability and response.

Required Unit Resources

Chapter 14: Homeland Security Communication and Technology Issues

In order to access the following resources, click the links below.

Chang, R., & Trainor, J. (2018). Pre-disaster established trust and relationships: Two major factors influencing

the effectiveness of implementing the ICS. Journal of Homeland Security & Emergency Management,
15(4).
https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?dire
ct=true&db=asn&AN=132691915&site=ehost-live&scope=site

Nowell, B., & Steelman, T. (2019). Beyond ICS: How should we govern complex disasters in the United

States? Journal of Homeland Security & Emergency Management, 16(2).
https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?dire
ct=true&db=asn&AN=136526530&site=ehost-live&scope=site

Unit Lesson

National Incident Management System and Incident Command System

In addition to the National Incident Management System (NIMS) and Incident Command System (ICS),
agency interoperability is critical in effectively combating terroristic threats. NIMS utilizes a systematic
approach to establish best practices into a unified national framework for incident management. NIMS is a
guide that allows all applicable agencies a mechanism to follow and adhere to in the event of a disaster
incident. What exactly is the benefit of NIMS? NIMS focuses on effective communication, coordination, and
efficiency.

The ICS is a management system that focuses on efficient management and allocating the necessary
resources, personnel, procedures, equipment, and communication in a common organizational structure
(Oliver et al., 2021). What is the difference between NIMS and the ICS? Look at NIMS as the guide and the
ICS as the individuals who follow and act upon the guide.

The ICS has a general staff that consists of the operations section chief, planning section chief, the logistics
section chief, and the finance/administration section chief. The command staff consists of the public
information officer, the safety officer, and the liaison officer (Oliver et al., 2021).

The management characteristics of the ICS are as follows (Oliver et al., 2021):

• common terminology,
• modular organization,
• management by objectives,

UNIT VIII STUDY GUIDE
Interoperability in Terrorism
Response Operations

[https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=asn&AN=132691915&site=ehost-live&scope=site](https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=asn&AN=132691915&site=ehost-live&scope=site)

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HLS 3303, Terrorism Response Operations 2

UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title

• incident action planning,
• management span of control,
• incident facilities and locations,
• comprehensive resource management,
• integrated communications,
• establishment and transfer of command,
• chain of command and unity of command,
• unified command,
• accountability, and
• dispatch/deployment.

The ICS often calls for a public information officer. Keeping the public and all applicable stakeholders
informed is warranted and relevant in the event of a disaster or terrorist attack. The public needs accurate and
timely information to inform their actions and keep the situation from becoming worse. As a public information
officer or applicable official, it is prudent to state and advise that if the information is not confirmed or known,
that you will report back on that information at a later time. The use of all available and reliable means to
disseminate information is critical. Using social media can be extremely beneficial in reaching the most
amount of people, especially when local power is disrupted and media outlets cannot be relied upon.

Interoperability

How does all this relate to interoperability, and exactly what is interoperability? Basically, interoperability is the
ability to effectively communicate. In the event of an emergency disaster such as a terrorist attack, it is
indispensable that first responders have the resources and capability to communicate with one another. If all
applicable first responders do not have the ability to effectively communicate with one another, this could
result in additional devastation and casualties. This all relates due to the necessity of clear and effective
communication in the occurrence of a disaster situation. A significant problem that faced Homeland Security
after 9/11 was the predicament of operational communications between and among agencies. As a result of
these predicaments, in 2007 the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) created the Office of the
Emergency Communication (Oliver et al., 2021). Was subsequently creating an entire office that focused on
emergency communication warranted?

Let’s examine this issue in further detail. It is essential that the necessary resources, training, and personnel
are focused on emergency communication. Having the proper infrastructure as it relates to emergency
management is necessary as well. Adequate resources should be utilized to ensure that the proper
infrastructure is made available to support and foster the necessary communication required to mitigate or
potentially prevent a potential terrorist attack.

Cyberterrorism

Another attack of great concern is cyberterrorism. Cyberterrorism is the most technology-relevant threat.
However devastating, cyberterrorism is not a new threat. If cyberterrorism is not a new threat, then why is
there an indicated lack of preparedness? Why is there still a fear of cyberterrorism?

Cybersecurity involves a myriad of different threats that include dealing with national security issues from
various nations as well as mitigating the threat of other terrorist organizations who are seeking to cause
devastation to the United States (Oliver et al., 2021). An individual may deem a bomb attack to be more
concerning than a cyberattack. The media focuses more on the action that an explosion or bomb attack may
subsequently cause, but does the general population understand the consequences that cyberterrorism may
have? In 2014, Sony Pictures Entertainment’s computer systems were attacked, and personal information
was compromised. This attack focused on infiltrating the computer network to obtain confidential information.
It was indicated that North Korea was the perpetrator of this attack. Cyberattacks are extremely serious and
may cause enormous personal and economic harm.

There are various agencies involved in the functions of cyberdefense. These agencies are the U.S.
Department of Defense, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), and the National Security Agency. The
DHS, as it relates to cyberdefense, is focused on preparation and mitigation (Oliver et al., 2021). Two

HLS 3303, Terrorism Response Operations 3

UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title

programs that are essential and fall under the DHS function of cybersecurity are the National Cyber
Response Coordination Group and the Federal National Security Branch.

The threat of cyberterrorism has not been fully realized; however, the threat is becoming a concern. Most
people understand the immediate impact of a bombing, but what about cyberterrorism? A cyberattack can
also cause fear, impact the economy, harm computer networks, and devastate the nation.

Reference

Oliver, W. M., Marion, N. E., & Hill, J. B. (2021). Introduction to homeland security: Policy, organization,

and administration (2nd ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning.
https://bookshelf.vitalsource.com/#/books/9781284205213.

Suggested Unit Resources

In order to access the following resources, click the links below.

Disasters can move quickly. Effective communication is a critical resource that can significantly enhance
public safety. A mass notification system (MNS) uses text messaging to inform constituents of crisis, provide
recommendations, and connect to resources, and it has the advantage of speed. This study’s findings
indicate wide variability in MNS usage, little relationship between population size and enrollment, and a high
perceived importance of MNS as a communication modality.

Pelfrey, W. V. (2021). Emergency manager perceptions of the effectiveness and limitations of mass

notification systems: A mixed method study. Journal of Homeland Security & Emergency
Management, 18(1), 49–65
https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?dire
ct=true&db=asn&AN=148382254&site=ehost-live&scope=site

The following PowerPoint presentation provides a summary of the material in this unit’s chapter reading. The
PowerPoint and PDF versions are provided for your convenience.

Chapter 14 PowerPoint Presentation (Chapter 14 PDF)

[https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=asn&AN=148382254&site=ehost-live&scope=site](https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=asn&AN=148382254&site=ehost-live&scope=site)

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[https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/bbcswebdav/xid-135339734_1](https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/bbcswebdav/xid-135339734_1)

[https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/bbcswebdav/xid-135339729_1](https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/bbcswebdav/xid-135339729_1)

– Course Learning Outcomes for Unit VIII
– Required Unit Resources
– Unit Lesson

– National Incident Management System and Incident Command System
– Interoperability
– Cyberterrorism
– Reference

– Suggested Unit Resources

**## UnitVIII1.pdf**

HLS 3303, Terrorism Response Operations 1

Course Learning Outcomes for Unit VIII

Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:

8. Relate the benefits of interoperability to terrorism response operations.
8.1 Discuss shortcomings that exist in national systems that could hinder a large-scale disaster or

terrorist attack response.
8.2 Assess communication issues that affect agency interoperability and response.

Required Unit Resources

Chapter 14: Homeland Security Communication and Technology Issues

In order to access the following resources, click the links below.

Chang, R., & Trainor, J. (2018). Pre-disaster established trust and relationships: Two major factors influencing

the effectiveness of implementing the ICS. Journal of Homeland Security & Emergency Management,
15(4).
https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?dire
ct=true&db=asn&AN=132691915&site=ehost-live&scope=site

Nowell, B., & Steelman, T. (2019). Beyond ICS: How should we govern complex disasters in the United

States? Journal of Homeland Security & Emergency Management, 16(2).
https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?dire
ct=true&db=asn&AN=136526530&site=ehost-live&scope=site

Unit Lesson

National Incident Management System and Incident Command System

In addition to the National Incident Management System (NIMS) and Incident Command System (ICS),
agency interoperability is critical in effectively combating terroristic threats. NIMS utilizes a systematic
approach to establish best practices into a unified national framework for incident management. NIMS is a
guide that allows all applicable agencies a mechanism to follow and adhere to in the event of a disaster
incident. What exactly is the benefit of NIMS? NIMS focuses on effective communication, coordination, and
efficiency.

The ICS is a management system that focuses on efficient management and allocating the necessary
resources, personnel, procedures, equipment, and communication in a common organizational structure
(Oliver et al., 2021). What is the difference between NIMS and the ICS? Look at NIMS as the guide and the
ICS as the individuals who follow and act upon the guide.

The ICS has a general staff that consists of the operations section chief, planning section chief, the logistics
section chief, and the finance/administration section chief. The command staff consists of the public
information officer, the safety officer, and the liaison officer (Oliver et al., 2021).

The management characteristics of the ICS are as follows (Oliver et al., 2021):

• common terminology,
• modular organization,
• management by objectives,

UNIT VIII STUDY GUIDE
Interoperability in Terrorism
Response Operations

[https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=asn&AN=132691915&site=ehost-live&scope=site](https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=asn&AN=132691915&site=ehost-live&scope=site)

[https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=asn&AN=132691915&site=ehost-live&scope=site](https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=asn&AN=132691915&site=ehost-live&scope=site)

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HLS 3303, Terrorism Response Operations 2

UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title

• incident action planning,
• management span of control,
• incident facilities and locations,
• comprehensive resource management,
• integrated communications,
• establishment and transfer of command,
• chain of command and unity of command,
• unified command,
• accountability, and
• dispatch/deployment.

The ICS often calls for a public information officer. Keeping the public and all applicable stakeholders
informed is warranted and relevant in the event of a disaster or terrorist attack. The public needs accurate and
timely information to inform their actions and keep the situation from becoming worse. As a public information
officer or applicable official, it is prudent to state and advise that if the information is not confirmed or known,
that you will report back on that information at a later time. The use of all available and reliable means to
disseminate information is critical. Using social media can be extremely beneficial in reaching the most
amount of people, especially when local power is disrupted and media outlets cannot be relied upon.

Interoperability

How does all this relate to interoperability, and exactly what is interoperability? Basically, interoperability is the
ability to effectively communicate. In the event of an emergency disaster such as a terrorist attack, it is
indispensable that first responders have the resources and capability to communicate with one another. If all
applicable first responders do not have the ability to effectively communicate with one another, this could
result in additional devastation and casualties. This all relates due to the necessity of clear and effective
communication in the occurrence of a disaster situation. A significant problem that faced Homeland Security
after 9/11 was the predicament of operational communications between and among agencies. As a result of
these predicaments, in 2007 the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) created the Office of the
Emergency Communication (Oliver et al., 2021). Was subsequently creating an entire office that focused on
emergency communication warranted?

Let’s examine this issue in further detail. It is essential that the necessary resources, training, and personnel
are focused on emergency communication. Having the proper infrastructure as it relates to emergency
management is necessary as well. Adequate resources should be utilized to ensure that the proper
infrastructure is made available to support and foster the necessary communication required to mitigate or
potentially prevent a potential terrorist attack.

Cyberterrorism

Another attack of great concern is cyberterrorism. Cyberterrorism is the most technology-relevant threat.
However devastating, cyberterrorism is not a new threat. If cyberterrorism is not a new threat, then why is
there an indicated lack of preparedness? Why is there still a fear of cyberterrorism?

Cybersecurity involves a myriad of different threats that include dealing with national security issues from
various nations as well as mitigating the threat of other terrorist organizations who are seeking to cause
devastation to the United States (Oliver et al., 2021). An individual may deem a bomb attack to be more
concerning than a cyberattack. The media focuses more on the action that an explosion or bomb attack may
subsequently cause, but does the general population understand the consequences that cyberterrorism may
have? In 2014, Sony Pictures Entertainment’s computer systems were attacked, and personal information
was compromised. This attack focused on infiltrating the computer network to obtain confidential information.
It was indicated that North Korea was the perpetrator of this attack. Cyberattacks are extremely serious and
may cause enormous personal and economic harm.

There are various agencies involved in the functions of cyberdefense. These agencies are the U.S.
Department of Defense, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), and the National Security Agency. The
DHS, as it relates to cyberdefense, is focused on preparation and mitigation (Oliver et al., 2021). Two

HLS 3303, Terrorism Response Operations 3

UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title

programs that are essential and fall under the DHS function of cybersecurity are the National Cyber
Response Coordination Group and the Federal National Security Branch.

The threat of cyberterrorism has not been fully realized; however, the threat is becoming a concern. Most
people understand the immediate impact of a bombing, but what about cyberterrorism? A cyberattack can
also cause fear, impact the economy, harm computer networks, and devastate the nation.

Reference

Oliver, W. M., Marion, N. E., & Hill, J. B. (2021). Introduction to homeland security: Policy, organization,

and administration (2nd ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning.
https://bookshelf.vitalsource.com/#/books/9781284205213.

Suggested Unit Resources

In order to access the following resources, click the links below.

Disasters can move quickly. Effective communication is a critical resource that can significantly enhance
public safety. A mass notification system (MNS) uses text messaging to inform constituents of crisis, provide
recommendations, and connect to resources, and it has the advantage of speed. This study’s findings
indicate wide variability in MNS usage, little relationship between population size and enrollment, and a high
perceived importance of MNS as a communication modality.

Pelfrey, W. V. (2021). Emergency manager perceptions of the effectiveness and limitations of mass

notification systems: A mixed method study. Journal of Homeland Security & Emergency
Management, 18(1), 49–65
https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?dire
ct=true&db=asn&AN=148382254&site=ehost-live&scope=site

The following PowerPoint presentation provides a summary of the material in this unit’s chapter reading. The
PowerPoint and PDF versions are provided for your convenience.

Chapter 14 PowerPoint Presentation (Chapter 14 PDF)

[https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=asn&AN=148382254&site=ehost-live&scope=site](https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=asn&AN=148382254&site=ehost-live&scope=site)

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[https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/bbcswebdav/xid-135339734_1](https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/bbcswebdav/xid-135339734_1)

[https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/bbcswebdav/xid-135339729_1](https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/bbcswebdav/xid-135339729_1)

– Course Learning Outcomes for Unit VIII
– Required Unit Resources
– Unit Lesson

– National Incident Management System and Incident Command System
– Interoperability
– Cyberterrorism
– Reference

– Suggested Unit Resources

**## V.docx**

Considering the critical importance of effective communication during a disaster, discuss the challenges and solutions related to ensuring interoperability among different communication systems used by various emergency response agencies. How can these agencies overcome technological and organizational barriers to maintain seamless communication during a crisis.

Your journal entry must be at least 200 words in length. No references or citations are necessary.

**## UnitVIII1.pdf**

HLS 3303, Terrorism Response Operations 1

Course Learning Outcomes for Unit VIII

Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:

8. Relate the benefits of interoperability to terrorism response operations.
8.1 Discuss shortcomings that exist in national systems that could hinder a large-scale disaster or

terrorist attack response.
8.2 Assess communication issues that affect agency interoperability and response.

Required Unit Resources

Chapter 14: Homeland Security Communication and Technology Issues

In order to access the following resources, click the links below.

Chang, R., & Trainor, J. (2018). Pre-disaster established trust and relationships: Two major factors influencing

the effectiveness of implementing the ICS. Journal of Homeland Security & Emergency Management,
15(4).
https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?dire
ct=true&db=asn&AN=132691915&site=ehost-live&scope=site

Nowell, B., & Steelman, T. (2019). Beyond ICS: How should we govern complex disasters in the United

States? Journal of Homeland Security & Emergency Management, 16(2).
https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?dire
ct=true&db=asn&AN=136526530&site=ehost-live&scope=site

Unit Lesson

National Incident Management System and Incident Command System

In addition to the National Incident Management System (NIMS) and Incident Command System (ICS),
agency interoperability is critical in effectively combating terroristic threats. NIMS utilizes a systematic
approach to establish best practices into a unified national framework for incident management. NIMS is a
guide that allows all applicable agencies a mechanism to follow and adhere to in the event of a disaster
incident. What exactly is the benefit of NIMS? NIMS focuses on effective communication, coordination, and
efficiency.

The ICS is a management system that focuses on efficient management and allocating the necessary
resources, personnel, procedures, equipment, and communication in a common organizational structure
(Oliver et al., 2021). What is the difference between NIMS and the ICS? Look at NIMS as the guide and the
ICS as the individuals who follow and act upon the guide.

The ICS has a general staff that consists of the operations section chief, planning section chief, the logistics
section chief, and the finance/administration section chief. The command staff consists of the public
information officer, the safety officer, and the liaison officer (Oliver et al., 2021).

The management characteristics of the ICS are as follows (Oliver et al., 2021):

• common terminology,
• modular organization,
• management by objectives,

UNIT VIII STUDY GUIDE
Interoperability in Terrorism
Response Operations

[https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=asn&AN=132691915&site=ehost-live&scope=site](https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=asn&AN=132691915&site=ehost-live&scope=site)

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HLS 3303, Terrorism Response Operations 2

UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title

• incident action planning,
• management span of control,
• incident facilities and locations,
• comprehensive resource management,
• integrated communications,
• establishment and transfer of command,
• chain of command and unity of command,
• unified command,
• accountability, and
• dispatch/deployment.

The ICS often calls for a public information officer. Keeping the public and all applicable stakeholders
informed is warranted and relevant in the event of a disaster or terrorist attack. The public needs accurate and
timely information to inform their actions and keep the situation from becoming worse. As a public information
officer or applicable official, it is prudent to state and advise that if the information is not confirmed or known,
that you will report back on that information at a later time. The use of all available and reliable means to
disseminate information is critical. Using social media can be extremely beneficial in reaching the most
amount of people, especially when local power is disrupted and media outlets cannot be relied upon.

Interoperability

How does all this relate to interoperability, and exactly what is interoperability? Basically, interoperability is the
ability to effectively communicate. In the event of an emergency disaster such as a terrorist attack, it is
indispensable that first responders have the resources and capability to communicate with one another. If all
applicable first responders do not have the ability to effectively communicate with one another, this could
result in additional devastation and casualties. This all relates due to the necessity of clear and effective
communication in the occurrence of a disaster situation. A significant problem that faced Homeland Security
after 9/11 was the predicament of operational communications between and among agencies. As a result of
these predicaments, in 2007 the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) created the Office of the
Emergency Communication (Oliver et al., 2021). Was subsequently creating an entire office that focused on
emergency communication warranted?

Let’s examine this issue in further detail. It is essential that the necessary resources, training, and personnel
are focused on emergency communication. Having the proper infrastructure as it relates to emergency
management is necessary as well. Adequate resources should be utilized to ensure that the proper
infrastructure is made available to support and foster the necessary communication required to mitigate or
potentially prevent a potential terrorist attack.

Cyberterrorism

Another attack of great concern is cyberterrorism. Cyberterrorism is the most technology-relevant threat.
However devastating, cyberterrorism is not a new threat. If cyberterrorism is not a new threat, then why is
there an indicated lack of preparedness? Why is there still a fear of cyberterrorism?

Cybersecurity involves a myriad of different threats that include dealing with national security issues from
various nations as well as mitigating the threat of other terrorist organizations who are seeking to cause
devastation to the United States (Oliver et al., 2021). An individual may deem a bomb attack to be more
concerning than a cyberattack. The media focuses more on the action that an explosion or bomb attack may
subsequently cause, but does the general population understand the consequences that cyberterrorism may
have? In 2014, Sony Pictures Entertainment’s computer systems were attacked, and personal information
was compromised. This attack focused on infiltrating the computer network to obtain confidential information.
It was indicated that North Korea was the perpetrator of this attack. Cyberattacks are extremely serious and
may cause enormous personal and economic harm.

There are various agencies involved in the functions of cyberdefense. These agencies are the U.S.
Department of Defense, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), and the National Security Agency. The
DHS, as it relates to cyberdefense, is focused on preparation and mitigation (Oliver et al., 2021). Two

HLS 3303, Terrorism Response Operations 3

UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title

programs that are essential and fall under the DHS function of cybersecurity are the National Cyber
Response Coordination Group and the Federal National Security Branch.

The threat of cyberterrorism has not been fully realized; however, the threat is becoming a concern. Most
people understand the immediate impact of a bombing, but what about cyberterrorism? A cyberattack can
also cause fear, impact the economy, harm computer networks, and devastate the nation.

Reference

Oliver, W. M., Marion, N. E., & Hill, J. B. (2021). Introduction to homeland security: Policy, organization,

and administration (2nd ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning.
https://bookshelf.vitalsource.com/#/books/9781284205213.

Suggested Unit Resources

In order to access the following resources, click the links below.

Disasters can move quickly. Effective communication is a critical resource that can significantly enhance
public safety. A mass notification system (MNS) uses text messaging to inform constituents of crisis, provide
recommendations, and connect to resources, and it has the advantage of speed. This study’s findings
indicate wide variability in MNS usage, little relationship between population size and enrollment, and a high
perceived importance of MNS as a communication modality.

Pelfrey, W. V. (2021). Emergency manager perceptions of the effectiveness and limitations of mass

notification systems: A mixed method study. Journal of Homeland Security & Emergency
Management, 18(1), 49–65
https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?dire
ct=true&db=asn&AN=148382254&site=ehost-live&scope=site

The following PowerPoint presentation provides a summary of the material in this unit’s chapter reading. The
PowerPoint and PDF versions are provided for your convenience.

Chapter 14 PowerPoint Presentation (Chapter 14 PDF)

[https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=asn&AN=148382254&site=ehost-live&scope=site](https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=asn&AN=148382254&site=ehost-live&scope=site)

[https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=asn&AN=148382254&site=ehost-live&scope=site](https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=asn&AN=148382254&site=ehost-live&scope=site)

[https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/bbcswebdav/xid-135339734_1](https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/bbcswebdav/xid-135339734_1)

[https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/bbcswebdav/xid-135339729_1](https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/bbcswebdav/xid-135339729_1)

– Course Learning Outcomes for Unit VIII
– Required Unit Resources
– Unit Lesson

– National Incident Management System and Incident Command System
– Interoperability
– Cyberterrorism
– Reference

– Suggested Unit Resources

**## V.docx**

Considering the critical importance of effective communication during a disaster, discuss the challenges and solutions related to ensuring interoperability among different communication systems used by various emergency response agencies. How can these agencies overcome technological and organizational barriers to maintain seamless communication during a crisis.

Your journal entry must be at least 200 words in length. No references or citations are necessary.

**## UnitVIII1.pdf**

HLS 3303, Terrorism Response Operations 1

Course Learning Outcomes for Unit VIII

Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:

8. Relate the benefits of interoperability to terrorism response operations.
8.1 Discuss shortcomings that exist in national systems that could hinder a large-scale disaster or

terrorist attack response.
8.2 Assess communication issues that affect agency interoperability and response.

Required Unit Resources

Chapter 14: Homeland Security Communication and Technology Issues

In order to access the following resources, click the links below.

Chang, R., & Trainor, J. (2018). Pre-disaster established trust and relationships: Two major factors influencing

the effectiveness of implementing the ICS. Journal of Homeland Security & Emergency Management,
15(4).
https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?dire
ct=true&db=asn&AN=132691915&site=ehost-live&scope=site

Nowell, B., & Steelman, T. (2019). Beyond ICS: How should we govern complex disasters in the United

States? Journal of Homeland Security & Emergency Management, 16(2).
https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?dire
ct=true&db=asn&AN=136526530&site=ehost-live&scope=site

Unit Lesson

National Incident Management System and Incident Command System

In addition to the National Incident Management System (NIMS) and Incident Command System (ICS),
agency interoperability is critical in effectively combating terroristic threats. NIMS utilizes a systematic
approach to establish best practices into a unified national framework for incident management. NIMS is a
guide that allows all applicable agencies a mechanism to follow and adhere to in the event of a disaster
incident. What exactly is the benefit of NIMS? NIMS focuses on effective communication, coordination, and
efficiency.

The ICS is a management system that focuses on efficient management and allocating the necessary
resources, personnel, procedures, equipment, and communication in a common organizational structure
(Oliver et al., 2021). What is the difference between NIMS and the ICS? Look at NIMS as the guide and the
ICS as the individuals who follow and act upon the guide.

The ICS has a general staff that consists of the operations section chief, planning section chief, the logistics
section chief, and the finance/administration section chief. The command staff consists of the public
information officer, the safety officer, and the liaison officer (Oliver et al., 2021).

The management characteristics of the ICS are as follows (Oliver et al., 2021):

• common terminology,
• modular organization,
• management by objectives,

UNIT VIII STUDY GUIDE
Interoperability in Terrorism
Response Operations

[https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=asn&AN=132691915&site=ehost-live&scope=site](https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=asn&AN=132691915&site=ehost-live&scope=site)

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HLS 3303, Terrorism Response Operations 2

UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title

• incident action planning,
• management span of control,
• incident facilities and locations,
• comprehensive resource management,
• integrated communications,
• establishment and transfer of command,
• chain of command and unity of command,
• unified command,
• accountability, and
• dispatch/deployment.

The ICS often calls for a public information officer. Keeping the public and all applicable stakeholders
informed is warranted and relevant in the event of a disaster or terrorist attack. The public needs accurate and
timely information to inform their actions and keep the situation from becoming worse. As a public information
officer or applicable official, it is prudent to state and advise that if the information is not confirmed or known,
that you will report back on that information at a later time. The use of all available and reliable means to
disseminate information is critical. Using social media can be extremely beneficial in reaching the most
amount of people, especially when local power is disrupted and media outlets cannot be relied upon.

Interoperability

How does all this relate to interoperability, and exactly what is interoperability? Basically, interoperability is the
ability to effectively communicate. In the event of an emergency disaster such as a terrorist attack, it is
indispensable that first responders have the resources and capability to communicate with one another. If all
applicable first responders do not have the ability to effectively communicate with one another, this could
result in additional devastation and casualties. This all relates due to the necessity of clear and effective
communication in the occurrence of a disaster situation. A significant problem that faced Homeland Security
after 9/11 was the predicament of operational communications between and among agencies. As a result of
these predicaments, in 2007 the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) created the Office of the
Emergency Communication (Oliver et al., 2021). Was subsequently creating an entire office that focused on
emergency communication warranted?

Let’s examine this issue in further detail. It is essential that the necessary resources, training, and personnel
are focused on emergency communication. Having the proper infrastructure as it relates to emergency
management is necessary as well. Adequate resources should be utilized to ensure that the proper
infrastructure is made available to support and foster the necessary communication required to mitigate or
potentially prevent a potential terrorist attack.

Cyberterrorism

Another attack of great concern is cyberterrorism. Cyberterrorism is the most technology-relevant threat.
However devastating, cyberterrorism is not a new threat. If cyberterrorism is not a new threat, then why is
there an indicated lack of preparedness? Why is there still a fear of cyberterrorism?

Cybersecurity involves a myriad of different threats that include dealing with national security issues from
various nations as well as mitigating the threat of other terrorist organizations who are seeking to cause
devastation to the United States (Oliver et al., 2021). An individual may deem a bomb attack to be more
concerning than a cyberattack. The media focuses more on the action that an explosion or bomb attack may
subsequently cause, but does the general population understand the consequences that cyberterrorism may
have? In 2014, Sony Pictures Entertainment’s computer systems were attacked, and personal information
was compromised. This attack focused on infiltrating the computer network to obtain confidential information.
It was indicated that North Korea was the perpetrator of this attack. Cyberattacks are extremely serious and
may cause enormous personal and economic harm.

There are various agencies involved in the functions of cyberdefense. These agencies are the U.S.
Department of Defense, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), and the National Security Agency. The
DHS, as it relates to cyberdefense, is focused on preparation and mitigation (Oliver et al., 2021). Two

HLS 3303, Terrorism Response Operations 3

UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title

programs that are essential and fall under the DHS function of cybersecurity are the National Cyber
Response Coordination Group and the Federal National Security Branch.

The threat of cyberterrorism has not been fully realized; however, the threat is becoming a concern. Most
people understand the immediate impact of a bombing, but what about cyberterrorism? A cyberattack can
also cause fear, impact the economy, harm computer networks, and devastate the nation.

Reference

Oliver, W. M., Marion, N. E., & Hill, J. B. (2021). Introduction to homeland security: Policy, organization,

and administration (2nd ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning.
https://bookshelf.vitalsource.com/#/books/9781284205213.

Suggested Unit Resources

In order to access the following resources, click the links below.

Disasters can move quickly. Effective communication is a critical resource that can significantly enhance
public safety. A mass notification system (MNS) uses text messaging to inform constituents of crisis, provide
recommendations, and connect to resources, and it has the advantage of speed. This study’s findings
indicate wide variability in MNS usage, little relationship between population size and enrollment, and a high
perceived importance of MNS as a communication modality.

Pelfrey, W. V. (2021). Emergency manager perceptions of the effectiveness and limitations of mass

notification systems: A mixed method study. Journal of Homeland Security & Emergency
Management, 18(1), 49–65
https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?dire
ct=true&db=asn&AN=148382254&site=ehost-live&scope=site

The following PowerPoint presentation provides a summary of the material in this unit’s chapter reading. The
PowerPoint and PDF versions are provided for your convenience.

Chapter 14 PowerPoint Presentation (Chapter 14 PDF)

[https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=asn&AN=148382254&site=ehost-live&scope=site](https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=asn&AN=148382254&site=ehost-live&scope=site)

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[https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/bbcswebdav/xid-135339734_1](https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/bbcswebdav/xid-135339734_1)

[https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/bbcswebdav/xid-135339729_1](https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/bbcswebdav/xid-135339729_1)

– Course Learning Outcomes for Unit VIII
– Required Unit Resources
– Unit Lesson

– National Incident Management System and Incident Command System
– Interoperability
– Cyberterrorism
– Reference

– Suggested Unit Resources

– 1
– 2

November 5, 2026
[Solved] Present now part 2

✓ Verified Academic Solution Available

Executive Solution Overview

Research network forensics please see attached documents for further details – ## ISSC456_Week2_Project_Paper_Topic_BoatengPrince.doc – ## ISSC456PaperOutlineBoatengPrince.docx **## ISSC456_Week2_Project_Paper_Topic_BoatengPrince.doc** [removed] **## ISSC456PaperOutlineBoatengPrince.docx…

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Assignment Prompt & Instructions

Research network forensics
please see attached documents for further details

– ## ISSC456_Week2_Project_Paper_Topic_BoatengPrince.doc

– ## ISSC456PaperOutlineBoatengPrince.docx

**## ISSC456_Week2_Project_Paper_Topic_BoatengPrince.doc**

[removed]

**## ISSC456PaperOutlineBoatengPrince.docx**

**Paper Outline**

Prince Boateng

American Military University

ISSC456

Prof Reid Raed Sbeit

11/30/2025

**I. Introduction**

· Definition and purpose of network forensics

· Importance in modern cyber security

**II. Key Concepts**

· Network traffic capture and analysis

· Log collection and correlation

**III. Tools and Techniques**

· Packet analyzers (e.g., Wireshark)

· IDS/IPS and SIEM systems

**IV. Network Forensic Process**

· Evidence collection

· Analysis and interpretation

· Reporting findings

**V. Common Investigations**

· Intrusions

· Malware communication

· Data exfiltration

**VI. Challenges**

· Encryption

· Large data volume

**VII. Conclusion**

· Summary of network forensics’ role in security

**## ISSC456PaperOutlineBoatengPrince.docx**

**Paper Outline**

Prince Boateng

American Military University

ISSC456

Prof Reid Raed Sbeit

11/30/2025

**I. Introduction**

· Definition and purpose of network forensics

· Importance in modern cyber security

**II. Key Concepts**

· Network traffic capture and analysis

· Log collection and correlation

**III. Tools and Techniques**

· Packet analyzers (e.g., Wireshark)

· IDS/IPS and SIEM systems

**IV. Network Forensic Process**

· Evidence collection

· Analysis and interpretation

· Reporting findings

**V. Common Investigations**

· Intrusions

· Malware communication

· Data exfiltration

**VI. Challenges**

· Encryption

· Large data volume

**VII. Conclusion**

· Summary of network forensics’ role in security

**## ISSC456_Week2_Project_Paper_Topic_BoatengPrince.doc**

[removed]

**## ISSC456PaperOutlineBoatengPrince.docx**

**Paper Outline**

Prince Boateng

American Military University

ISSC456

Prof Reid Raed Sbeit

11/30/2025

**I. Introduction**

· Definition and purpose of network forensics

· Importance in modern cyber security

**II. Key Concepts**

· Network traffic capture and analysis

· Log collection and correlation

**III. Tools and Techniques**

· Packet analyzers (e.g., Wireshark)

· IDS/IPS and SIEM systems

**IV. Network Forensic Process**

· Evidence collection

· Analysis and interpretation

· Reporting findings

**V. Common Investigations**

· Intrusions

· Malware communication

· Data exfiltration

**VI. Challenges**

· Encryption

· Large data volume

**VII. Conclusion**

· Summary of network forensics’ role in security

**## ISSC456_Week2_Project_Paper_Topic_BoatengPrince.doc**

[removed]

**## ISSC456PaperOutlineBoatengPrince.docx**

**Paper Outline**

Prince Boateng

American Military University

ISSC456

Prof Reid Raed Sbeit

11/30/2025

**I. Introduction**

· Definition and purpose of network forensics

· Importance in modern cyber security

**II. Key Concepts**

· Network traffic capture and analysis

· Log collection and correlation

**III. Tools and Techniques**

· Packet analyzers (e.g., Wireshark)

· IDS/IPS and SIEM systems

**IV. Network Forensic Process**

· Evidence collection

· Analysis and interpretation

· Reporting findings

**V. Common Investigations**

· Intrusions

· Malware communication

· Data exfiltration

**VI. Challenges**

· Encryption

· Large data volume

**VII. Conclusion**

· Summary of network forensics’ role in security

– 1
– 2

November 5, 2026
[Solved] Course Wrap-Up and Takeaways

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– Share two new insights about advanced network security design you have learned from this course. – Explain how this type of course is essential for every network security designer. – Discuss how you can apply the learning outcomes of this course to your professional and personal life. – In 150 wor…

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– Share two new insights about advanced network security design you have learned from this course.
– Explain how this type of course is essential for every network security designer.
– Discuss how you can apply the learning outcomes of this course to your professional and personal life.
– In 150 words or less, summarize the overall importance of this class to someone unfamiliar with network security design.

November 5, 2026
[Solved] Emerging Network Technologies

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Emerging technologies always add new security concerns, but they also lead to improved defenses. Respond to the following: – Examine the impact of five emerging technologies on network security. – Among these technologies, you must include cloud, quantum computing, user behavior analytics, and two o…

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Emerging technologies always add new security concerns, but they also lead to improved defenses. Respond to the following:
– Examine the impact of five emerging technologies on network security.
– Among these technologies, you must include cloud, quantum computing, user behavior analytics, and two others of your choice.
– Discuss the threats that each of the five create and how each can be used to strengthen defenses.
– Explain how to handle a data blackout due to a security breach.
– Discuss how important vendor support is to a chosen security implementation and provide a rationale for your position.

November 5, 2026
[Solved] Data Security Professional Memo

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– IFSM201_ProfessionalMemo_final.pdf **IFSM201_ProfessionalMemo_final.pdf** This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/ifsm201-professionalmemo-final-pdf-10474099) **IFSM201_ProfessionalMemo_final.pdf** This file is too large to display. [View in n…

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– IFSM201_ProfessionalMemo_final.pdf

**IFSM201_ProfessionalMemo_final.pdf**

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**IFSM201_ProfessionalMemo_final.pdf**

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November 5, 2026
[Solved] Business of IT – Application

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Soleil Panel Distribution, a solar panel company, has been in business for 25 years. For the first two decades, they focused primarily on distributing small panels used in personal electronic devices, such as calculators and watches. As solar-powered technology has developed more, the company is see…

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Soleil Panel Distribution, a solar panel company, has been in business for 25 years. For the first two decades, they focused primarily on distributing small panels used in personal electronic devices, such as calculators and watches. As solar-powered technology has developed more, the company is seeing unprecedented growth. They have gone from 15 employees to well over 150 in three years. They are expanding in multiple ways and are seeing growth in residential rooftop solar panel sales, large-scale commercial applications, and product distribution.
While this rapid growth has increased both sales and profits, it has also presented various challenges for a company so accustomed to small-scale operations. One of the most pressing challenges is the orientation of new employees. In the first 12 years, the organization hired one or two employees every few years. An administrator easily handled this process, and each department handled tasks pertaining to the new hire’s various roles. More recently, the company has experienced monthly increases in personnel of as many as 20 employees, making their current orientation process obsolete. The administrator who previously handled new employee orientation had been trying to improve the process, but it has become clear that the company no longer has the time or processes in place to overcome this challenge.
In addition, analysis of the solar industry competition implies that a quick growth of the employee workforce could position Soleil Panel Distribution to improve its market share.
Over the years, Soleil Panel Distribution has grown and developed a seasoned software team as part of the IT department. The department is confident a new software application called SolDistHR can meet their needs while addressing concerns. While anticipating rapid growth and additional software vulnerabilities, the company is also concerned with security and customer support.

November 5, 2026
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November 5, 2026
[Solved] VII

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see attached. – ## VII.docx – ## UnitVII.pdf **## VII.docx** For your project, you will assume the information below. You are employed in an emergency management function in your local community. The act of terror takes place in your community with little to no warning. There are mass casualties and…

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see attached.

– ## VII.docx

– ## UnitVII.pdf

**## VII.docx**

For your project, you will assume the information below.

You are employed in an emergency management function in your local community. The act of terror takes place in your community with little to no warning. There are mass casualties and damage to local infrastructure.

Your plan must address the components listed below.

· Determine the type of terrorism that has occurred.

· Detail the act of terror that your plan addresses. Be sure to summarize the full scope and impact of the event.

· Evaluate the effectiveness of preparedness activities for your local community.

· Briefly summarize operational considerations of your response plan and post recovery plan.

· At a minimum, address the following components: command and control, communications, public information, protective measures at the scene, mass care, resource management, multiagency coordination and interoperability, search and rescue, and recovery.

Utilize compelling or persuasive evidence from appropriate sources to support your plan. Incorporate course concepts by identifying national plans, policies, systems, or departments that guide and support your plan.

**Length**: Your project submission must be a minimum of five double-spaced pages, not counting the title and reference pages.

**References**: You are required to use at least five high-quality sources, such as current government (federal or local) policy, academic articles, or empirical studies. At least one source should be from the CSU Online Library. Sources such as Wikis, blog posts, opinion pieces, or other unverified and/or biased contributions must not be used. All sources used must have APA Style citations and references.

Course Textbook(s)

Oliver, W. M., Marion, N. E., & Hill, J. B. (2021). Introduction to homeland security: Policy, organization, and administration (2nd ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning. https://online.vitalsource.com/#/books/9781284205213

**## UnitVII.pdf**

HLS 3303, Terrorism Response Operations 1

Course Learning Outcomes for Unit VII

Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:

6. Develop a plan for post-terrorism recovery.
6.1 Discriminate between international and domestic terrorism.
6.2 Create a response and recovery plan for a terrorist attack.

Required Unit Resources

Chapter 3: Modern Terrorism and Natural Disasters

Unit Lesson

Does terrorism stay the same, or does it evolve? Terrorism is an ever-changing threat, and it is essential for
the proper authorities to understand past, present, and current threats. Oliver et al. (2021) discussed
coordinated attacks that occurred in Kenya and Tanzania on August 7, 1998. These coordinated attacks killed
over 200 people and caused a myriad of injuries. Osama bin Laden and Ayman al-Zawahiri were behind
these attacks. Oliver et al. (2021) state that if these attacks occurred in 1998, three years prior to 2001, then
why was the United States not prepared for 9/11?

Terrorism is not a new phenomenon, and terrorism has been around since 32 A.D. There are a variety of
motivations for terrorism that range from religious beliefs, sociopolitical objectives, animal rights, or abortion
(Oliver et al., 2021). Although there are other reasons that one may initiate such acts of terrorism, there are
many said objectives for why one may cause such harm.

Additionally, it is important to discern the differences between international terrorism and domestic terrorism.
International terrorism begins from outside the borders of the country where the attacks occur. Domestic
terrorism occurs from within the country where the terrorist attacks occur (Oliver et al., 2021). Let’s examine
two terrorist attacks—one involving the international terrorism and one involving a domestic or homegrown
terrorism.

Naval Air Station Pensacola: Terrorism Conducted by International Cooperative

On December 6, 2019, Mohammed Saeed Alshamrani, a Saudi national who was attending flight training at
Pensacola Naval Air Station, Florida, shot and killed three U.S. service members. Through the course of the
investigation, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) was able to correlate a link between Alshamrani and
Al Qaeda. Contacts between Alshamrani and operatives of Al-Qaeda were discovered after the FBI was able
to access cellphone data on phones that the shooter attempted to destroy before he was killed by law
enforcement (Tucker, 2020).

As of this writing in 2021, the full investigative report has not been released by the U.S. Department of
Defense, and the extent of coordination between Alshamrani and Al-Qaeda is unknown. The power of social
media coupled with the rise and fall of organizations such as Al-Qaeda in the Islamic state make the
possibility of foreign entities conducting acts of terror within the American homeland a great area of concern
for homeland security professionals.

Las Vegas Concert Shooting: Domestic or Homegrown Terrorism

Additionally, when discussing evil acts such as terrorism, it is important to discuss homegrown terrorism.
What is homegrown terrorism? Homegrown terrorism occurs when an individual who lives or resides in that

UNIT VII STUDY GUIDE
Terrorism as an Evolving Threat

HLS 3303, Terrorism Response Operations 2

UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title

territory initiates an attack against his or her homeland. Homegrown terrorism is a concern because the attack
is initiated by someone within that country. Thus, detecting a potential terrorist from within makes it that much
more challenging.

On October 1, 2017, at an open-air country music concert on the Las Vegas Strip, Stephen Paddock
murdered 61 and wounded over 850 concertgoers (Hutchinson et al., 2018). While the Islamic State of Iraq
and the Levant (ISIL) claimed responsibility and stated that he had converted to Islam 6 months prior to the
shooting, U.S. law enforcement officials have given no evidence of a connection between Paddock and ISIL
(Blake, 2017).

Terrorism as a Mindset

Defining terrorism has been a complex task. The definition has varied amongst many professionals and
scholars. Why are there so many definitions as it relates to terrorism? Since there are many reasons why
terrorist acts are committed, this makes identifying one unified definition as it relates to terrorism problematic,
not to mention the wide scope of terrorism as it relates to domestic terrorism and international terrorism.
Additionally, it is often said that there is a global war on terrorism. If it is difficult finding a unified definition for
terrorism, then how coordinated can a global war on terrorism be?

Terrorists may engage in such activity if they are interested in political, social, or religious change. If such
change is warranted, why would someone choose to promote harm and terror? Are there other options to
impact change? Understanding the mindset of terrorists is complex and not what this course is intended to do.
Thus, understanding the totality of the situation is warranted.

As we have discussed the various threats, such as domestic and international threats, it is important to keep
in mind that at the root, any perpetrator of terrorism intends to cause harm and make a statement. Terrorist
organizations and lone terrorists are a serious threat and they will utilize all means possible, to include social
media, to spread their propaganda, terror, and hate.

Mitigating the Threat

How do the U.S. government and the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) intend to mitigate and
subsequently defeat this threat? Oliver et al. (2021) indicated that the objective of the Homeland Security Act
was to realign government resources into one organization. The Department of Homeland Security consists of
23 agencies, including the U.S. Coast Guard, the Secret Service, U.S. Customs and Border Protection, and
the Transportation Security Administration (TSA). How can 23 separate agencies focus on a single mission of
protecting the homeland? Is this achievable? For a listing and overview of all components that make up the
DHS, visit the webpage Operational and Support Components.

In 2003, Congress passed a homeland security appropriation bill in the amount of $30.4 billion for fiscal year
2004. The 2013 Presidential Request for the DHS grew to $59 billion (Oliver et al., 2021). Within a decade,
the budget for the DHS doubled. This shows that the DHS has grown exponentially in approximately a
decade. Over the years, the budget has grown as illustrated in the table.

Since the terror acts of September 11, 2001, terrorism is becoming mainstream topic within the United States.
Unfortunately, it does not appear that this trend will decrease in the future. The 9/11 Commission highlighted
the vulnerabilities within the U.S. government to address potential terrorist activities. This report coupled with
legislation such as the USA PATRIOT Act and the USA FREEDOM Act have greatly improved the arsenal of
tools both for law enforcement and intelligence professionals in preventing acts of terror.

References

Blake, S. (2017, October 8). Stephen Paddock had recently been on a cruise to the Middle East.

News.com.au. https://www.news.com.au/world/north-america/stephen-paddock-had-recently-been-
on-a-cruise-to-the-middle-east-as-experts-say-dont-discount-islamic-states-potential-
involvement/news-story/4846b116c77f95140968c4cf967f0319

[https://www.dhs.gov/operational-and-support-components](https://www.dhs.gov/operational-and-support-components)

HLS 3303, Terrorism Response Operations 3

UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title

Hutchinson, B., Chang, J., Brown, J., Margolin, J., Muldowney, K., & Eamon, M. (2018, December 23). The
anatomy of the Las Vegas mass shooting, the deadliest in modern US history. ABC News.
https://abcnews.go.com/US/anatomy-las-vegas-mass-shooting-deadliest-modern-
us/story?id=59797324

Oliver, W. M., Marion, N. E., & Hill, J. B. (2021). Introduction to homeland security: Policy, organization, and

administration (2nd ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning.
https://bookshelf.vitalsource.com/#/books/9781284205213

Tucker, E. (2020, May 18). FBI: Shooter at Pensacola Navy base coordinated with al-Qaida. Military Times.

https://www.militarytimes.com/news/your-military/2020/05/18/official-fbi-finds-link-between-pensacola-
gunman-al-qaida/

Suggested Unit Resources

In order to access the following resources, click the links below.

The following PowerPoint presentation provides a summary of the material in this unit’s chapter reading. The
PowerPoint and PDF versions are provided for your convenience.

Chapter 3 PowerPoint Presentation (Chapter 3 PDF)

[https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/bbcswebdav/xid-135305360_1](https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/bbcswebdav/xid-135305360_1)

[https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/bbcswebdav/xid-135305359_1](https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/bbcswebdav/xid-135305359_1)

– Course Learning Outcomes for Unit VII
– Required Unit Resources
– Unit Lesson

– Naval Air Station Pensacola: Terrorism Conducted by International Cooperative
– Las Vegas Concert Shooting: Domestic or Homegrown Terrorism
– Terrorism as a Mindset
– Mitigating the Threat
– References

– Suggested Unit Resources

**## UnitVII.pdf**

HLS 3303, Terrorism Response Operations 1

Course Learning Outcomes for Unit VII

Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:

6. Develop a plan for post-terrorism recovery.
6.1 Discriminate between international and domestic terrorism.
6.2 Create a response and recovery plan for a terrorist attack.

Required Unit Resources

Chapter 3: Modern Terrorism and Natural Disasters

Unit Lesson

Does terrorism stay the same, or does it evolve? Terrorism is an ever-changing threat, and it is essential for
the proper authorities to understand past, present, and current threats. Oliver et al. (2021) discussed
coordinated attacks that occurred in Kenya and Tanzania on August 7, 1998. These coordinated attacks killed
over 200 people and caused a myriad of injuries. Osama bin Laden and Ayman al-Zawahiri were behind
these attacks. Oliver et al. (2021) state that if these attacks occurred in 1998, three years prior to 2001, then
why was the United States not prepared for 9/11?

Terrorism is not a new phenomenon, and terrorism has been around since 32 A.D. There are a variety of
motivations for terrorism that range from religious beliefs, sociopolitical objectives, animal rights, or abortion
(Oliver et al., 2021). Although there are other reasons that one may initiate such acts of terrorism, there are
many said objectives for why one may cause such harm.

Additionally, it is important to discern the differences between international terrorism and domestic terrorism.
International terrorism begins from outside the borders of the country where the attacks occur. Domestic
terrorism occurs from within the country where the terrorist attacks occur (Oliver et al., 2021). Let’s examine
two terrorist attacks—one involving the international terrorism and one involving a domestic or homegrown
terrorism.

Naval Air Station Pensacola: Terrorism Conducted by International Cooperative

On December 6, 2019, Mohammed Saeed Alshamrani, a Saudi national who was attending flight training at
Pensacola Naval Air Station, Florida, shot and killed three U.S. service members. Through the course of the
investigation, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) was able to correlate a link between Alshamrani and
Al Qaeda. Contacts between Alshamrani and operatives of Al-Qaeda were discovered after the FBI was able
to access cellphone data on phones that the shooter attempted to destroy before he was killed by law
enforcement (Tucker, 2020).

As of this writing in 2021, the full investigative report has not been released by the U.S. Department of
Defense, and the extent of coordination between Alshamrani and Al-Qaeda is unknown. The power of social
media coupled with the rise and fall of organizations such as Al-Qaeda in the Islamic state make the
possibility of foreign entities conducting acts of terror within the American homeland a great area of concern
for homeland security professionals.

Las Vegas Concert Shooting: Domestic or Homegrown Terrorism

Additionally, when discussing evil acts such as terrorism, it is important to discuss homegrown terrorism.
What is homegrown terrorism? Homegrown terrorism occurs when an individual who lives or resides in that

UNIT VII STUDY GUIDE
Terrorism as an Evolving Threat

HLS 3303, Terrorism Response Operations 2

UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title

territory initiates an attack against his or her homeland. Homegrown terrorism is a concern because the attack
is initiated by someone within that country. Thus, detecting a potential terrorist from within makes it that much
more challenging.

On October 1, 2017, at an open-air country music concert on the Las Vegas Strip, Stephen Paddock
murdered 61 and wounded over 850 concertgoers (Hutchinson et al., 2018). While the Islamic State of Iraq
and the Levant (ISIL) claimed responsibility and stated that he had converted to Islam 6 months prior to the
shooting, U.S. law enforcement officials have given no evidence of a connection between Paddock and ISIL
(Blake, 2017).

Terrorism as a Mindset

Defining terrorism has been a complex task. The definition has varied amongst many professionals and
scholars. Why are there so many definitions as it relates to terrorism? Since there are many reasons why
terrorist acts are committed, this makes identifying one unified definition as it relates to terrorism problematic,
not to mention the wide scope of terrorism as it relates to domestic terrorism and international terrorism.
Additionally, it is often said that there is a global war on terrorism. If it is difficult finding a unified definition for
terrorism, then how coordinated can a global war on terrorism be?

Terrorists may engage in such activity if they are interested in political, social, or religious change. If such
change is warranted, why would someone choose to promote harm and terror? Are there other options to
impact change? Understanding the mindset of terrorists is complex and not what this course is intended to do.
Thus, understanding the totality of the situation is warranted.

As we have discussed the various threats, such as domestic and international threats, it is important to keep
in mind that at the root, any perpetrator of terrorism intends to cause harm and make a statement. Terrorist
organizations and lone terrorists are a serious threat and they will utilize all means possible, to include social
media, to spread their propaganda, terror, and hate.

Mitigating the Threat

How do the U.S. government and the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) intend to mitigate and
subsequently defeat this threat? Oliver et al. (2021) indicated that the objective of the Homeland Security Act
was to realign government resources into one organization. The Department of Homeland Security consists of
23 agencies, including the U.S. Coast Guard, the Secret Service, U.S. Customs and Border Protection, and
the Transportation Security Administration (TSA). How can 23 separate agencies focus on a single mission of
protecting the homeland? Is this achievable? For a listing and overview of all components that make up the
DHS, visit the webpage Operational and Support Components.

In 2003, Congress passed a homeland security appropriation bill in the amount of $30.4 billion for fiscal year
2004. The 2013 Presidential Request for the DHS grew to $59 billion (Oliver et al., 2021). Within a decade,
the budget for the DHS doubled. This shows that the DHS has grown exponentially in approximately a
decade. Over the years, the budget has grown as illustrated in the table.

Since the terror acts of September 11, 2001, terrorism is becoming mainstream topic within the United States.
Unfortunately, it does not appear that this trend will decrease in the future. The 9/11 Commission highlighted
the vulnerabilities within the U.S. government to address potential terrorist activities. This report coupled with
legislation such as the USA PATRIOT Act and the USA FREEDOM Act have greatly improved the arsenal of
tools both for law enforcement and intelligence professionals in preventing acts of terror.

References

Blake, S. (2017, October 8). Stephen Paddock had recently been on a cruise to the Middle East.

News.com.au. https://www.news.com.au/world/north-america/stephen-paddock-had-recently-been-
on-a-cruise-to-the-middle-east-as-experts-say-dont-discount-islamic-states-potential-
involvement/news-story/4846b116c77f95140968c4cf967f0319

[https://www.dhs.gov/operational-and-support-components](https://www.dhs.gov/operational-and-support-components)

HLS 3303, Terrorism Response Operations 3

UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title

Hutchinson, B., Chang, J., Brown, J., Margolin, J., Muldowney, K., & Eamon, M. (2018, December 23). The
anatomy of the Las Vegas mass shooting, the deadliest in modern US history. ABC News.
https://abcnews.go.com/US/anatomy-las-vegas-mass-shooting-deadliest-modern-
us/story?id=59797324

Oliver, W. M., Marion, N. E., & Hill, J. B. (2021). Introduction to homeland security: Policy, organization, and

administration (2nd ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning.
https://bookshelf.vitalsource.com/#/books/9781284205213

Tucker, E. (2020, May 18). FBI: Shooter at Pensacola Navy base coordinated with al-Qaida. Military Times.

https://www.militarytimes.com/news/your-military/2020/05/18/official-fbi-finds-link-between-pensacola-
gunman-al-qaida/

Suggested Unit Resources

In order to access the following resources, click the links below.

The following PowerPoint presentation provides a summary of the material in this unit’s chapter reading. The
PowerPoint and PDF versions are provided for your convenience.

Chapter 3 PowerPoint Presentation (Chapter 3 PDF)

[https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/bbcswebdav/xid-135305360_1](https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/bbcswebdav/xid-135305360_1)

[https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/bbcswebdav/xid-135305359_1](https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/bbcswebdav/xid-135305359_1)

– Course Learning Outcomes for Unit VII
– Required Unit Resources
– Unit Lesson

– Naval Air Station Pensacola: Terrorism Conducted by International Cooperative
– Las Vegas Concert Shooting: Domestic or Homegrown Terrorism
– Terrorism as a Mindset
– Mitigating the Threat
– References

– Suggested Unit Resources

**## VII.docx**

For your project, you will assume the information below.

You are employed in an emergency management function in your local community. The act of terror takes place in your community with little to no warning. There are mass casualties and damage to local infrastructure.

Your plan must address the components listed below.

· Determine the type of terrorism that has occurred.

· Detail the act of terror that your plan addresses. Be sure to summarize the full scope and impact of the event.

· Evaluate the effectiveness of preparedness activities for your local community.

· Briefly summarize operational considerations of your response plan and post recovery plan.

· At a minimum, address the following components: command and control, communications, public information, protective measures at the scene, mass care, resource management, multiagency coordination and interoperability, search and rescue, and recovery.

Utilize compelling or persuasive evidence from appropriate sources to support your plan. Incorporate course concepts by identifying national plans, policies, systems, or departments that guide and support your plan.

**Length**: Your project submission must be a minimum of five double-spaced pages, not counting the title and reference pages.

**References**: You are required to use at least five high-quality sources, such as current government (federal or local) policy, academic articles, or empirical studies. At least one source should be from the CSU Online Library. Sources such as Wikis, blog posts, opinion pieces, or other unverified and/or biased contributions must not be used. All sources used must have APA Style citations and references.

Course Textbook(s)

Oliver, W. M., Marion, N. E., & Hill, J. B. (2021). Introduction to homeland security: Policy, organization, and administration (2nd ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning. https://online.vitalsource.com/#/books/9781284205213

**## UnitVII.pdf**

HLS 3303, Terrorism Response Operations 1

Course Learning Outcomes for Unit VII

Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:

6. Develop a plan for post-terrorism recovery.
6.1 Discriminate between international and domestic terrorism.
6.2 Create a response and recovery plan for a terrorist attack.

Required Unit Resources

Chapter 3: Modern Terrorism and Natural Disasters

Unit Lesson

Does terrorism stay the same, or does it evolve? Terrorism is an ever-changing threat, and it is essential for
the proper authorities to understand past, present, and current threats. Oliver et al. (2021) discussed
coordinated attacks that occurred in Kenya and Tanzania on August 7, 1998. These coordinated attacks killed
over 200 people and caused a myriad of injuries. Osama bin Laden and Ayman al-Zawahiri were behind
these attacks. Oliver et al. (2021) state that if these attacks occurred in 1998, three years prior to 2001, then
why was the United States not prepared for 9/11?

Terrorism is not a new phenomenon, and terrorism has been around since 32 A.D. There are a variety of
motivations for terrorism that range from religious beliefs, sociopolitical objectives, animal rights, or abortion
(Oliver et al., 2021). Although there are other reasons that one may initiate such acts of terrorism, there are
many said objectives for why one may cause such harm.

Additionally, it is important to discern the differences between international terrorism and domestic terrorism.
International terrorism begins from outside the borders of the country where the attacks occur. Domestic
terrorism occurs from within the country where the terrorist attacks occur (Oliver et al., 2021). Let’s examine
two terrorist attacks—one involving the international terrorism and one involving a domestic or homegrown
terrorism.

Naval Air Station Pensacola: Terrorism Conducted by International Cooperative

On December 6, 2019, Mohammed Saeed Alshamrani, a Saudi national who was attending flight training at
Pensacola Naval Air Station, Florida, shot and killed three U.S. service members. Through the course of the
investigation, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) was able to correlate a link between Alshamrani and
Al Qaeda. Contacts between Alshamrani and operatives of Al-Qaeda were discovered after the FBI was able
to access cellphone data on phones that the shooter attempted to destroy before he was killed by law
enforcement (Tucker, 2020).

As of this writing in 2021, the full investigative report has not been released by the U.S. Department of
Defense, and the extent of coordination between Alshamrani and Al-Qaeda is unknown. The power of social
media coupled with the rise and fall of organizations such as Al-Qaeda in the Islamic state make the
possibility of foreign entities conducting acts of terror within the American homeland a great area of concern
for homeland security professionals.

Las Vegas Concert Shooting: Domestic or Homegrown Terrorism

Additionally, when discussing evil acts such as terrorism, it is important to discuss homegrown terrorism.
What is homegrown terrorism? Homegrown terrorism occurs when an individual who lives or resides in that

UNIT VII STUDY GUIDE
Terrorism as an Evolving Threat

HLS 3303, Terrorism Response Operations 2

UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title

territory initiates an attack against his or her homeland. Homegrown terrorism is a concern because the attack
is initiated by someone within that country. Thus, detecting a potential terrorist from within makes it that much
more challenging.

On October 1, 2017, at an open-air country music concert on the Las Vegas Strip, Stephen Paddock
murdered 61 and wounded over 850 concertgoers (Hutchinson et al., 2018). While the Islamic State of Iraq
and the Levant (ISIL) claimed responsibility and stated that he had converted to Islam 6 months prior to the
shooting, U.S. law enforcement officials have given no evidence of a connection between Paddock and ISIL
(Blake, 2017).

Terrorism as a Mindset

Defining terrorism has been a complex task. The definition has varied amongst many professionals and
scholars. Why are there so many definitions as it relates to terrorism? Since there are many reasons why
terrorist acts are committed, this makes identifying one unified definition as it relates to terrorism problematic,
not to mention the wide scope of terrorism as it relates to domestic terrorism and international terrorism.
Additionally, it is often said that there is a global war on terrorism. If it is difficult finding a unified definition for
terrorism, then how coordinated can a global war on terrorism be?

Terrorists may engage in such activity if they are interested in political, social, or religious change. If such
change is warranted, why would someone choose to promote harm and terror? Are there other options to
impact change? Understanding the mindset of terrorists is complex and not what this course is intended to do.
Thus, understanding the totality of the situation is warranted.

As we have discussed the various threats, such as domestic and international threats, it is important to keep
in mind that at the root, any perpetrator of terrorism intends to cause harm and make a statement. Terrorist
organizations and lone terrorists are a serious threat and they will utilize all means possible, to include social
media, to spread their propaganda, terror, and hate.

Mitigating the Threat

How do the U.S. government and the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) intend to mitigate and
subsequently defeat this threat? Oliver et al. (2021) indicated that the objective of the Homeland Security Act
was to realign government resources into one organization. The Department of Homeland Security consists of
23 agencies, including the U.S. Coast Guard, the Secret Service, U.S. Customs and Border Protection, and
the Transportation Security Administration (TSA). How can 23 separate agencies focus on a single mission of
protecting the homeland? Is this achievable? For a listing and overview of all components that make up the
DHS, visit the webpage Operational and Support Components.

In 2003, Congress passed a homeland security appropriation bill in the amount of $30.4 billion for fiscal year
2004. The 2013 Presidential Request for the DHS grew to $59 billion (Oliver et al., 2021). Within a decade,
the budget for the DHS doubled. This shows that the DHS has grown exponentially in approximately a
decade. Over the years, the budget has grown as illustrated in the table.

Since the terror acts of September 11, 2001, terrorism is becoming mainstream topic within the United States.
Unfortunately, it does not appear that this trend will decrease in the future. The 9/11 Commission highlighted
the vulnerabilities within the U.S. government to address potential terrorist activities. This report coupled with
legislation such as the USA PATRIOT Act and the USA FREEDOM Act have greatly improved the arsenal of
tools both for law enforcement and intelligence professionals in preventing acts of terror.

References

Blake, S. (2017, October 8). Stephen Paddock had recently been on a cruise to the Middle East.

News.com.au. https://www.news.com.au/world/north-america/stephen-paddock-had-recently-been-
on-a-cruise-to-the-middle-east-as-experts-say-dont-discount-islamic-states-potential-
involvement/news-story/4846b116c77f95140968c4cf967f0319

[https://www.dhs.gov/operational-and-support-components](https://www.dhs.gov/operational-and-support-components)

HLS 3303, Terrorism Response Operations 3

UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title

Hutchinson, B., Chang, J., Brown, J., Margolin, J., Muldowney, K., & Eamon, M. (2018, December 23). The
anatomy of the Las Vegas mass shooting, the deadliest in modern US history. ABC News.
https://abcnews.go.com/US/anatomy-las-vegas-mass-shooting-deadliest-modern-
us/story?id=59797324

Oliver, W. M., Marion, N. E., & Hill, J. B. (2021). Introduction to homeland security: Policy, organization, and

administration (2nd ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning.
https://bookshelf.vitalsource.com/#/books/9781284205213

Tucker, E. (2020, May 18). FBI: Shooter at Pensacola Navy base coordinated with al-Qaida. Military Times.

https://www.militarytimes.com/news/your-military/2020/05/18/official-fbi-finds-link-between-pensacola-
gunman-al-qaida/

Suggested Unit Resources

In order to access the following resources, click the links below.

The following PowerPoint presentation provides a summary of the material in this unit’s chapter reading. The
PowerPoint and PDF versions are provided for your convenience.

Chapter 3 PowerPoint Presentation (Chapter 3 PDF)

[https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/bbcswebdav/xid-135305360_1](https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/bbcswebdav/xid-135305360_1)

[https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/bbcswebdav/xid-135305359_1](https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/bbcswebdav/xid-135305359_1)

– Course Learning Outcomes for Unit VII
– Required Unit Resources
– Unit Lesson

– Naval Air Station Pensacola: Terrorism Conducted by International Cooperative
– Las Vegas Concert Shooting: Domestic or Homegrown Terrorism
– Terrorism as a Mindset
– Mitigating the Threat
– References

– Suggested Unit Resources

**## VII.docx**

For your project, you will assume the information below.

You are employed in an emergency management function in your local community. The act of terror takes place in your community with little to no warning. There are mass casualties and damage to local infrastructure.

Your plan must address the components listed below.

· Determine the type of terrorism that has occurred.

· Detail the act of terror that your plan addresses. Be sure to summarize the full scope and impact of the event.

· Evaluate the effectiveness of preparedness activities for your local community.

· Briefly summarize operational considerations of your response plan and post recovery plan.

· At a minimum, address the following components: command and control, communications, public information, protective measures at the scene, mass care, resource management, multiagency coordination and interoperability, search and rescue, and recovery.

Utilize compelling or persuasive evidence from appropriate sources to support your plan. Incorporate course concepts by identifying national plans, policies, systems, or departments that guide and support your plan.

**Length**: Your project submission must be a minimum of five double-spaced pages, not counting the title and reference pages.

**References**: You are required to use at least five high-quality sources, such as current government (federal or local) policy, academic articles, or empirical studies. At least one source should be from the CSU Online Library. Sources such as Wikis, blog posts, opinion pieces, or other unverified and/or biased contributions must not be used. All sources used must have APA Style citations and references.

Course Textbook(s)

Oliver, W. M., Marion, N. E., & Hill, J. B. (2021). Introduction to homeland security: Policy, organization, and administration (2nd ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning. https://online.vitalsource.com/#/books/9781284205213

**## UnitVII.pdf**

HLS 3303, Terrorism Response Operations 1

Course Learning Outcomes for Unit VII

Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:

6. Develop a plan for post-terrorism recovery.
6.1 Discriminate between international and domestic terrorism.
6.2 Create a response and recovery plan for a terrorist attack.

Required Unit Resources

Chapter 3: Modern Terrorism and Natural Disasters

Unit Lesson

Does terrorism stay the same, or does it evolve? Terrorism is an ever-changing threat, and it is essential for
the proper authorities to understand past, present, and current threats. Oliver et al. (2021) discussed
coordinated attacks that occurred in Kenya and Tanzania on August 7, 1998. These coordinated attacks killed
over 200 people and caused a myriad of injuries. Osama bin Laden and Ayman al-Zawahiri were behind
these attacks. Oliver et al. (2021) state that if these attacks occurred in 1998, three years prior to 2001, then
why was the United States not prepared for 9/11?

Terrorism is not a new phenomenon, and terrorism has been around since 32 A.D. There are a variety of
motivations for terrorism that range from religious beliefs, sociopolitical objectives, animal rights, or abortion
(Oliver et al., 2021). Although there are other reasons that one may initiate such acts of terrorism, there are
many said objectives for why one may cause such harm.

Additionally, it is important to discern the differences between international terrorism and domestic terrorism.
International terrorism begins from outside the borders of the country where the attacks occur. Domestic
terrorism occurs from within the country where the terrorist attacks occur (Oliver et al., 2021). Let’s examine
two terrorist attacks—one involving the international terrorism and one involving a domestic or homegrown
terrorism.

Naval Air Station Pensacola: Terrorism Conducted by International Cooperative

On December 6, 2019, Mohammed Saeed Alshamrani, a Saudi national who was attending flight training at
Pensacola Naval Air Station, Florida, shot and killed three U.S. service members. Through the course of the
investigation, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) was able to correlate a link between Alshamrani and
Al Qaeda. Contacts between Alshamrani and operatives of Al-Qaeda were discovered after the FBI was able
to access cellphone data on phones that the shooter attempted to destroy before he was killed by law
enforcement (Tucker, 2020).

As of this writing in 2021, the full investigative report has not been released by the U.S. Department of
Defense, and the extent of coordination between Alshamrani and Al-Qaeda is unknown. The power of social
media coupled with the rise and fall of organizations such as Al-Qaeda in the Islamic state make the
possibility of foreign entities conducting acts of terror within the American homeland a great area of concern
for homeland security professionals.

Las Vegas Concert Shooting: Domestic or Homegrown Terrorism

Additionally, when discussing evil acts such as terrorism, it is important to discuss homegrown terrorism.
What is homegrown terrorism? Homegrown terrorism occurs when an individual who lives or resides in that

UNIT VII STUDY GUIDE
Terrorism as an Evolving Threat

HLS 3303, Terrorism Response Operations 2

UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title

territory initiates an attack against his or her homeland. Homegrown terrorism is a concern because the attack
is initiated by someone within that country. Thus, detecting a potential terrorist from within makes it that much
more challenging.

On October 1, 2017, at an open-air country music concert on the Las Vegas Strip, Stephen Paddock
murdered 61 and wounded over 850 concertgoers (Hutchinson et al., 2018). While the Islamic State of Iraq
and the Levant (ISIL) claimed responsibility and stated that he had converted to Islam 6 months prior to the
shooting, U.S. law enforcement officials have given no evidence of a connection between Paddock and ISIL
(Blake, 2017).

Terrorism as a Mindset

Defining terrorism has been a complex task. The definition has varied amongst many professionals and
scholars. Why are there so many definitions as it relates to terrorism? Since there are many reasons why
terrorist acts are committed, this makes identifying one unified definition as it relates to terrorism problematic,
not to mention the wide scope of terrorism as it relates to domestic terrorism and international terrorism.
Additionally, it is often said that there is a global war on terrorism. If it is difficult finding a unified definition for
terrorism, then how coordinated can a global war on terrorism be?

Terrorists may engage in such activity if they are interested in political, social, or religious change. If such
change is warranted, why would someone choose to promote harm and terror? Are there other options to
impact change? Understanding the mindset of terrorists is complex and not what this course is intended to do.
Thus, understanding the totality of the situation is warranted.

As we have discussed the various threats, such as domestic and international threats, it is important to keep
in mind that at the root, any perpetrator of terrorism intends to cause harm and make a statement. Terrorist
organizations and lone terrorists are a serious threat and they will utilize all means possible, to include social
media, to spread their propaganda, terror, and hate.

Mitigating the Threat

How do the U.S. government and the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) intend to mitigate and
subsequently defeat this threat? Oliver et al. (2021) indicated that the objective of the Homeland Security Act
was to realign government resources into one organization. The Department of Homeland Security consists of
23 agencies, including the U.S. Coast Guard, the Secret Service, U.S. Customs and Border Protection, and
the Transportation Security Administration (TSA). How can 23 separate agencies focus on a single mission of
protecting the homeland? Is this achievable? For a listing and overview of all components that make up the
DHS, visit the webpage Operational and Support Components.

In 2003, Congress passed a homeland security appropriation bill in the amount of $30.4 billion for fiscal year
2004. The 2013 Presidential Request for the DHS grew to $59 billion (Oliver et al., 2021). Within a decade,
the budget for the DHS doubled. This shows that the DHS has grown exponentially in approximately a
decade. Over the years, the budget has grown as illustrated in the table.

Since the terror acts of September 11, 2001, terrorism is becoming mainstream topic within the United States.
Unfortunately, it does not appear that this trend will decrease in the future. The 9/11 Commission highlighted
the vulnerabilities within the U.S. government to address potential terrorist activities. This report coupled with
legislation such as the USA PATRIOT Act and the USA FREEDOM Act have greatly improved the arsenal of
tools both for law enforcement and intelligence professionals in preventing acts of terror.

References

Blake, S. (2017, October 8). Stephen Paddock had recently been on a cruise to the Middle East.

News.com.au. https://www.news.com.au/world/north-america/stephen-paddock-had-recently-been-
on-a-cruise-to-the-middle-east-as-experts-say-dont-discount-islamic-states-potential-
involvement/news-story/4846b116c77f95140968c4cf967f0319

[https://www.dhs.gov/operational-and-support-components](https://www.dhs.gov/operational-and-support-components)

HLS 3303, Terrorism Response Operations 3

UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title

Hutchinson, B., Chang, J., Brown, J., Margolin, J., Muldowney, K., & Eamon, M. (2018, December 23). The
anatomy of the Las Vegas mass shooting, the deadliest in modern US history. ABC News.
https://abcnews.go.com/US/anatomy-las-vegas-mass-shooting-deadliest-modern-
us/story?id=59797324

Oliver, W. M., Marion, N. E., & Hill, J. B. (2021). Introduction to homeland security: Policy, organization, and

administration (2nd ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning.
https://bookshelf.vitalsource.com/#/books/9781284205213

Tucker, E. (2020, May 18). FBI: Shooter at Pensacola Navy base coordinated with al-Qaida. Military Times.

https://www.militarytimes.com/news/your-military/2020/05/18/official-fbi-finds-link-between-pensacola-
gunman-al-qaida/

Suggested Unit Resources

In order to access the following resources, click the links below.

The following PowerPoint presentation provides a summary of the material in this unit’s chapter reading. The
PowerPoint and PDF versions are provided for your convenience.

Chapter 3 PowerPoint Presentation (Chapter 3 PDF)

[https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/bbcswebdav/xid-135305360_1](https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/bbcswebdav/xid-135305360_1)

[https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/bbcswebdav/xid-135305359_1](https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/bbcswebdav/xid-135305359_1)

– Course Learning Outcomes for Unit VII
– Required Unit Resources
– Unit Lesson

– Naval Air Station Pensacola: Terrorism Conducted by International Cooperative
– Las Vegas Concert Shooting: Domestic or Homegrown Terrorism
– Terrorism as a Mindset
– Mitigating the Threat
– References

– Suggested Unit Resources

– 1
– 2

November 5, 2026
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See attached – ## UnitVIIIJournal.docx – ## UnitVIIIStudyGuide.pdf **## UnitVIIIJournal.docx** **Unit VIII PowerPoint Presentation** Reflect on how you can apply the concepts learned in this course in your future professional, personal, or academic pursuits. Given the ubiquity of global corporations…

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Assignment Prompt & Instructions

See attached

– ## UnitVIIIJournal.docx

– ## UnitVIIIStudyGuide.pdf

**## UnitVIIIJournal.docx**

**Unit VIII PowerPoint Presentation**

Reflect on how you can apply the concepts learned in this course in your future professional, personal, or academic pursuits. Given the ubiquity of global corporations in the current economy, reflect on the following:

· Discuss how electronic commerce provides competitive advantages.

· Examine global business trends.

· Discuss organizational challenges of globalization.

· Explain the importance of information systems in global corporations.

Your journal entry must be at least 200 words in length. No references or citations are necessary.

**## UnitVIIIStudyGuide.pdf**

ITC 5301, Management Information Systems 1

Course Learning Outcomes for Unit VIII

Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:

2. Examine emerging trends in information technology for organizations.
2.3 Examine global business trends.

3. Explain how information technology systems influence organizational strategies.

3.7 Discuss organizational challenges of globalization.

5. Critique core information systems applications from a business perspective.
5.5 Explain the importance of information systems in global corporations.

Required Unit Resources

Chapter 15: Managing Global Systems

Unit Lesson

Complexity of Information Technology (IT)

Take a look at technology in its simplest form. Does it seem daunting or complex? For example, a simple
website asks you to input information (e.g., your name, address, phone number). That information is stored in
a record database somewhere. This seems simple, right? What if you consider the information stored by
Amazon.com or some other major organization; what happens to your data is much more complex.

A large retailer will store the input in multiple databases as operational information. That information is likely
processed in different ways and turned into an output, and then the information is scrubbed. It may be stored
in data warehouses for data mining purposes. Marketing decisions are made based on your sales information.
Information systems provide the information that businesses need in order to be strategic in their practices.
Managers need that information to be strategic with regard to decision-making. Information systems help
operations to be more efficient, and they help all facets of business to be better, faster, and more effective.

Years ago, computer systems were much more simplistic as well. Most organizations had large mainframe
computers. Transactions were processed in batches at night. Today, there is a demand for instant, real-time
information. In the past, systems did not talk to each other. You might have to go to three or four different
systems to look up customer information. Today, there is a demand for integration across all systems. In the
past, applications were platform specific (e.g., Unix, Windows). Now, there is a demand for applications that
run on any platform. In the past, the best tool for making decisions might be an Excel spreadsheet. Now,
there are expert systems that emulate the decision-making ability of humans.

Globalization

We are hearing this term more and more each day. Globalization can be described as the operation and
production of goods and services on a global scale. Many companies will compete globally using global
information systems (GIS). These systems allow organizations to compete in global markets. The opening
case in Chapter 15 of the eTextbook, “New Systems Help Eli Lilly Standardize as a Global Company,”
illustrates how a global company can have the same information system requirements as a local or domestic
company but on a larger and more complex scale. In this example, the company had dozens of subsidiaries,
each with its own business processes and reports. Can you imagine the chaos and confusion at corporate
headquarters as they try to make sense of all the data? Imagine all of the data redundancies and

UNIT VIII STUDY GUIDE
Managing Global Systems

ITC 5301, Management Information Systems 2

UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title

inefficiencies when the subsidiaries execute monthly financial data from all of the different systems and data
standards.

In short, the company needed to retire all legacy systems and use a common IT platform such as a single
enterprise resource planning (ERP) system. In 2010, the company did just that—they started implementing a
single global instance of Systems, Applications, and Products (SAP) to all of their subsidiaries. Today, the
company runs on SAP ERP and at least a dozen other SAP software solutions, including systems for
governance, risk management, and compliance (GRC). Of significance was the implementation of the SAP
GRC process controls so that the company could better manage key compliance activities across all business
processes, such as compliance with Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX), segregation of duties (SoD) and operational
controls for managing the business. The SAP GRC process control serves as a central repository to store
data from a global control matrix for Lilly’s entire enterprise and improves management of those controls with
automated monitoring. Because Lilly standardized and streamlined the execution of its processes and
business rules throughout the organization, Lilly has become even more efficient and effective as a global
company.

Organizational challenges of globalization. There are several factors to take into account when operating
globally. Organizations must take into consideration a country’s culture, social expectations, and political
laws. These factors often are not part of our domestic policies, but they will add layers to the organization’s
processes, information system requirements, and management strategies.

For example, a trading company sent out informational brochures to its global investors that included the state
of the company; production statistics; and a strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT)
analysis. In the SWOT analysis, the company used a red flag to indicate a problematic area. In the United
States, a red flag symbolizes “danger” or a “warning.” However, in other countries, the red flag symbolizes
political socialism. You can imagine the trading company’s surprise when they were bombarded with e-mails
asking why a socialist revolution (the red flag) was a threat to the company.

Using the example above, we can see why there may be challenges conducting business with global
companies because of language and cultural differences.

Internationalization of business. Many companies do not construct all of their products in the United States.
Apple’s iPhone is an excellent example of how the company relies on suppliers in other countries to
manufacture parts for their phones. For example, some components are made in China, Malaysia, and Japan,
and the assembly of the phones take place in Taiwan. This is only possible because of the advanced
networks and information systems that Apple uses.

Global Organization Business Strategies

A company’s headquarters is not always located in the United States either; they can be in other countries,
such as Germany and Japan, and have local or regional operations in the United States. There are four types
of business strategies and structures that global organizations can use. They are domestic exporter,
multinational, franchiser, and transnational.

Domestic exporter. This is a company that conducts most, if not all, corporate activities in the home country
of origin. Caterpillar is an example of a domestic exporter of construction and mining equipment as well as
heavy duty diesel and gas engines.

Multinational. This type of organization centralizes its financial management and control from within a central
location such as the corporate headquarters. Product marketing, production, and sales are decentralized to
suit local market environments. Intel is an example of a multinational organization because it is headquartered
in California but also operates out of other countries such as Israel and the Ukraine.

Franchiser. This structure relies on local manufacturing and finance, but foreign resources are used to
complete production and marketing. Examples of this structure are companies that manufacture perishable
products. McDonald’s is an example of a franchiser because it operates restaurant franchises throughout the
United States and around the world.

ITC 5301, Management Information Systems 3

UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title

Transnational. This type of organization is truly transnational because it does not have a centralized location
but, instead, operates using regional headquarters or a global headquarters. Activities are managed from a
global perspective and without the confines of national borders. An example of a transnational company is
Sony (Japanese) because it produces its products in other countries to save on manufacturing costs.

Difficulties of Internationalization

In “E-Commerce in China: Opportunities and Obstacles,” a case study from Chapter 15 of the eTextbook, a
good example is provided regarding how China became one of the largest markets in e-commerce. E-
commerce is strictly regulated in China by the Great Firewall of China. The Great Firewall of China is a set of
rules, regulations, and technologies that regulate the Internet in China, according to Laudon and Laudon
(2022). Chinese consumers have limited or no access to many foreign resources such as Google, Facebook,
Snapchat, and some news sources (e.g., New York Times).

By restricting access to foreign products, the Great Firewall of China forces the Chinese people to purchase
products produced in China, reducing the demand for foreign products. As a result, China is home to several
Internet giants such as Tencent, one of the world’s largest Internet and technology companies and the most
valuable gaming and social media company, according to Laudon and Laudon (2022).

From a cultural perspective, China is home to a large population of online shoppers who tend to be young,
urban, and highly educated. This young generation of online shoppers are huge consumers of apparel, food
and beverages, household goods, electronics, and healthcare products. There are a few select online social
platforms that Chinese consumers can use to discover and evaluate products. But, because of the Great
Firewall, only Chinese retailers are benefiting from engaging with consumers on these social platforms. This
means it is extremely difficult for foreign companies to break through and reach the Chinese population with
their products. To make matters even more difficult, in 2017, China passed a cybersecurity law, requiring
foreign companies to undergo a security check and to store key data in China.

Foreign companies that can conduct business with China must deal with the costs of doing business there.
The main issue is the lack of high-quality logistic providers, resulting in the damage or loss of merchandise,
slow or missing deliveries, and problems with other essential logistical services. These logistical issues can
significantly increase e-commerce operating costs and consequently decrease profit margins.

Summary

Operating a global company is very much like operating a domestic company; both have the same
information system requirements but on a larger and more complex scale. The example of Eli Lilly illustrated
how a company with several subsidiaries could overcome business process issues by implementing a single
enterprise-wide ERP system. By using a single global instance of SAP at all of its locations, the company
became more efficient and effective as a global company.

Global corporations often face challenges and problems when designing, building, and managing their
technology infrastructure. Operating globally means removing a hodgepodge of hardware and software and
arriving at a solution that streamlines the company’s processes to make them more effective and proficient.

There are other challenges to operating globally such as cultural and political differences between countries.
For example, when a company develops a user interface for an application, which language should be used?
Will some colors, graphics, or designs be construed as problematic or perceived differently from what was
intended?

Reference

Laudon, K. C., & Laudon, J. L. (2022). Management information systems: Managing the digital firm (17th ed.).

Pearson.

ITC 5301, Management Information Systems 4

UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title

Suggested Unit Resources

In order to access the following resources, click the links below.

To reinforce the concepts from this unit, you are encouraged to review the following:

• Chapter 15 PowerPoint Presentation
(PDF for Chapter 15 PowerPoint presentation)

The following video cases mentioned in your eTextbook augment the information presented in the assigned
chapter readings. You are encouraged to review the Chapter 15 video cases linked below.

Global Shop Solutions. (2012, February 7). Lean manufacturing & ERP Success Story: Humanetics and

Global Shop Solutions [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bOy1Q7s9lls

Oracle Video. (2008, April 3). Daum runs Oracle Apps on Linux [Video]. YouTube.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ayZ3OLmjAp0

[https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/bbcswebdav/xid-150632011_1](https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/bbcswebdav/xid-150632011_1)

[https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/bbcswebdav/xid-150605747_1](https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/bbcswebdav/xid-150605747_1)

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bOy1Q7s9lls](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bOy1Q7s9lls)

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bOy1Q7s9lls](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bOy1Q7s9lls)

[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ayZ3OLmjAp0](http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ayZ3OLmjAp0)

– Course Learning Outcomes for Unit VIII
– Required Unit Resources
– Unit Lesson

– Complexity of Information Technology (IT)
– Globalization
– Global Organization Business Strategies
– Difficulties of Internationalization
– Summary
– Reference

– Suggested Unit Resources

**## UnitVIIIStudyGuide.pdf**

ITC 5301, Management Information Systems 1

Course Learning Outcomes for Unit VIII

Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:

2. Examine emerging trends in information technology for organizations.
2.3 Examine global business trends.

3. Explain how information technology systems influence organizational strategies.

3.7 Discuss organizational challenges of globalization.

5. Critique core information systems applications from a business perspective.
5.5 Explain the importance of information systems in global corporations.

Required Unit Resources

Chapter 15: Managing Global Systems

Unit Lesson

Complexity of Information Technology (IT)

Take a look at technology in its simplest form. Does it seem daunting or complex? For example, a simple
website asks you to input information (e.g., your name, address, phone number). That information is stored in
a record database somewhere. This seems simple, right? What if you consider the information stored by
Amazon.com or some other major organization; what happens to your data is much more complex.

A large retailer will store the input in multiple databases as operational information. That information is likely
processed in different ways and turned into an output, and then the information is scrubbed. It may be stored
in data warehouses for data mining purposes. Marketing decisions are made based on your sales information.
Information systems provide the information that businesses need in order to be strategic in their practices.
Managers need that information to be strategic with regard to decision-making. Information systems help
operations to be more efficient, and they help all facets of business to be better, faster, and more effective.

Years ago, computer systems were much more simplistic as well. Most organizations had large mainframe
computers. Transactions were processed in batches at night. Today, there is a demand for instant, real-time
information. In the past, systems did not talk to each other. You might have to go to three or four different
systems to look up customer information. Today, there is a demand for integration across all systems. In the
past, applications were platform specific (e.g., Unix, Windows). Now, there is a demand for applications that
run on any platform. In the past, the best tool for making decisions might be an Excel spreadsheet. Now,
there are expert systems that emulate the decision-making ability of humans.

Globalization

We are hearing this term more and more each day. Globalization can be described as the operation and
production of goods and services on a global scale. Many companies will compete globally using global
information systems (GIS). These systems allow organizations to compete in global markets. The opening
case in Chapter 15 of the eTextbook, “New Systems Help Eli Lilly Standardize as a Global Company,”
illustrates how a global company can have the same information system requirements as a local or domestic
company but on a larger and more complex scale. In this example, the company had dozens of subsidiaries,
each with its own business processes and reports. Can you imagine the chaos and confusion at corporate
headquarters as they try to make sense of all the data? Imagine all of the data redundancies and

UNIT VIII STUDY GUIDE
Managing Global Systems

ITC 5301, Management Information Systems 2

UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title

inefficiencies when the subsidiaries execute monthly financial data from all of the different systems and data
standards.

In short, the company needed to retire all legacy systems and use a common IT platform such as a single
enterprise resource planning (ERP) system. In 2010, the company did just that—they started implementing a
single global instance of Systems, Applications, and Products (SAP) to all of their subsidiaries. Today, the
company runs on SAP ERP and at least a dozen other SAP software solutions, including systems for
governance, risk management, and compliance (GRC). Of significance was the implementation of the SAP
GRC process controls so that the company could better manage key compliance activities across all business
processes, such as compliance with Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX), segregation of duties (SoD) and operational
controls for managing the business. The SAP GRC process control serves as a central repository to store
data from a global control matrix for Lilly’s entire enterprise and improves management of those controls with
automated monitoring. Because Lilly standardized and streamlined the execution of its processes and
business rules throughout the organization, Lilly has become even more efficient and effective as a global
company.

Organizational challenges of globalization. There are several factors to take into account when operating
globally. Organizations must take into consideration a country’s culture, social expectations, and political
laws. These factors often are not part of our domestic policies, but they will add layers to the organization’s
processes, information system requirements, and management strategies.

For example, a trading company sent out informational brochures to its global investors that included the state
of the company; production statistics; and a strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT)
analysis. In the SWOT analysis, the company used a red flag to indicate a problematic area. In the United
States, a red flag symbolizes “danger” or a “warning.” However, in other countries, the red flag symbolizes
political socialism. You can imagine the trading company’s surprise when they were bombarded with e-mails
asking why a socialist revolution (the red flag) was a threat to the company.

Using the example above, we can see why there may be challenges conducting business with global
companies because of language and cultural differences.

Internationalization of business. Many companies do not construct all of their products in the United States.
Apple’s iPhone is an excellent example of how the company relies on suppliers in other countries to
manufacture parts for their phones. For example, some components are made in China, Malaysia, and Japan,
and the assembly of the phones take place in Taiwan. This is only possible because of the advanced
networks and information systems that Apple uses.

Global Organization Business Strategies

A company’s headquarters is not always located in the United States either; they can be in other countries,
such as Germany and Japan, and have local or regional operations in the United States. There are four types
of business strategies and structures that global organizations can use. They are domestic exporter,
multinational, franchiser, and transnational.

Domestic exporter. This is a company that conducts most, if not all, corporate activities in the home country
of origin. Caterpillar is an example of a domestic exporter of construction and mining equipment as well as
heavy duty diesel and gas engines.

Multinational. This type of organization centralizes its financial management and control from within a central
location such as the corporate headquarters. Product marketing, production, and sales are decentralized to
suit local market environments. Intel is an example of a multinational organization because it is headquartered
in California but also operates out of other countries such as Israel and the Ukraine.

Franchiser. This structure relies on local manufacturing and finance, but foreign resources are used to
complete production and marketing. Examples of this structure are companies that manufacture perishable
products. McDonald’s is an example of a franchiser because it operates restaurant franchises throughout the
United States and around the world.

ITC 5301, Management Information Systems 3

UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title

Transnational. This type of organization is truly transnational because it does not have a centralized location
but, instead, operates using regional headquarters or a global headquarters. Activities are managed from a
global perspective and without the confines of national borders. An example of a transnational company is
Sony (Japanese) because it produces its products in other countries to save on manufacturing costs.

Difficulties of Internationalization

In “E-Commerce in China: Opportunities and Obstacles,” a case study from Chapter 15 of the eTextbook, a
good example is provided regarding how China became one of the largest markets in e-commerce. E-
commerce is strictly regulated in China by the Great Firewall of China. The Great Firewall of China is a set of
rules, regulations, and technologies that regulate the Internet in China, according to Laudon and Laudon
(2022). Chinese consumers have limited or no access to many foreign resources such as Google, Facebook,
Snapchat, and some news sources (e.g., New York Times).

By restricting access to foreign products, the Great Firewall of China forces the Chinese people to purchase
products produced in China, reducing the demand for foreign products. As a result, China is home to several
Internet giants such as Tencent, one of the world’s largest Internet and technology companies and the most
valuable gaming and social media company, according to Laudon and Laudon (2022).

From a cultural perspective, China is home to a large population of online shoppers who tend to be young,
urban, and highly educated. This young generation of online shoppers are huge consumers of apparel, food
and beverages, household goods, electronics, and healthcare products. There are a few select online social
platforms that Chinese consumers can use to discover and evaluate products. But, because of the Great
Firewall, only Chinese retailers are benefiting from engaging with consumers on these social platforms. This
means it is extremely difficult for foreign companies to break through and reach the Chinese population with
their products. To make matters even more difficult, in 2017, China passed a cybersecurity law, requiring
foreign companies to undergo a security check and to store key data in China.

Foreign companies that can conduct business with China must deal with the costs of doing business there.
The main issue is the lack of high-quality logistic providers, resulting in the damage or loss of merchandise,
slow or missing deliveries, and problems with other essential logistical services. These logistical issues can
significantly increase e-commerce operating costs and consequently decrease profit margins.

Summary

Operating a global company is very much like operating a domestic company; both have the same
information system requirements but on a larger and more complex scale. The example of Eli Lilly illustrated
how a company with several subsidiaries could overcome business process issues by implementing a single
enterprise-wide ERP system. By using a single global instance of SAP at all of its locations, the company
became more efficient and effective as a global company.

Global corporations often face challenges and problems when designing, building, and managing their
technology infrastructure. Operating globally means removing a hodgepodge of hardware and software and
arriving at a solution that streamlines the company’s processes to make them more effective and proficient.

There are other challenges to operating globally such as cultural and political differences between countries.
For example, when a company develops a user interface for an application, which language should be used?
Will some colors, graphics, or designs be construed as problematic or perceived differently from what was
intended?

Reference

Laudon, K. C., & Laudon, J. L. (2022). Management information systems: Managing the digital firm (17th ed.).

Pearson.

ITC 5301, Management Information Systems 4

UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title

Suggested Unit Resources

In order to access the following resources, click the links below.

To reinforce the concepts from this unit, you are encouraged to review the following:

• Chapter 15 PowerPoint Presentation
(PDF for Chapter 15 PowerPoint presentation)

The following video cases mentioned in your eTextbook augment the information presented in the assigned
chapter readings. You are encouraged to review the Chapter 15 video cases linked below.

Global Shop Solutions. (2012, February 7). Lean manufacturing & ERP Success Story: Humanetics and

Global Shop Solutions [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bOy1Q7s9lls

Oracle Video. (2008, April 3). Daum runs Oracle Apps on Linux [Video]. YouTube.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ayZ3OLmjAp0

[https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/bbcswebdav/xid-150632011_1](https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/bbcswebdav/xid-150632011_1)

[https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/bbcswebdav/xid-150605747_1](https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/bbcswebdav/xid-150605747_1)

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bOy1Q7s9lls](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bOy1Q7s9lls)

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bOy1Q7s9lls](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bOy1Q7s9lls)

[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ayZ3OLmjAp0](http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ayZ3OLmjAp0)

– Course Learning Outcomes for Unit VIII
– Required Unit Resources
– Unit Lesson

– Complexity of Information Technology (IT)
– Globalization
– Global Organization Business Strategies
– Difficulties of Internationalization
– Summary
– Reference

– Suggested Unit Resources

**## UnitVIIIJournal.docx**

**Unit VIII PowerPoint Presentation**

Reflect on how you can apply the concepts learned in this course in your future professional, personal, or academic pursuits. Given the ubiquity of global corporations in the current economy, reflect on the following:

· Discuss how electronic commerce provides competitive advantages.

· Examine global business trends.

· Discuss organizational challenges of globalization.

· Explain the importance of information systems in global corporations.

Your journal entry must be at least 200 words in length. No references or citations are necessary.

**## UnitVIIIStudyGuide.pdf**

ITC 5301, Management Information Systems 1

Course Learning Outcomes for Unit VIII

Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:

2. Examine emerging trends in information technology for organizations.
2.3 Examine global business trends.

3. Explain how information technology systems influence organizational strategies.

3.7 Discuss organizational challenges of globalization.

5. Critique core information systems applications from a business perspective.
5.5 Explain the importance of information systems in global corporations.

Required Unit Resources

Chapter 15: Managing Global Systems

Unit Lesson

Complexity of Information Technology (IT)

Take a look at technology in its simplest form. Does it seem daunting or complex? For example, a simple
website asks you to input information (e.g., your name, address, phone number). That information is stored in
a record database somewhere. This seems simple, right? What if you consider the information stored by
Amazon.com or some other major organization; what happens to your data is much more complex.

A large retailer will store the input in multiple databases as operational information. That information is likely
processed in different ways and turned into an output, and then the information is scrubbed. It may be stored
in data warehouses for data mining purposes. Marketing decisions are made based on your sales information.
Information systems provide the information that businesses need in order to be strategic in their practices.
Managers need that information to be strategic with regard to decision-making. Information systems help
operations to be more efficient, and they help all facets of business to be better, faster, and more effective.

Years ago, computer systems were much more simplistic as well. Most organizations had large mainframe
computers. Transactions were processed in batches at night. Today, there is a demand for instant, real-time
information. In the past, systems did not talk to each other. You might have to go to three or four different
systems to look up customer information. Today, there is a demand for integration across all systems. In the
past, applications were platform specific (e.g., Unix, Windows). Now, there is a demand for applications that
run on any platform. In the past, the best tool for making decisions might be an Excel spreadsheet. Now,
there are expert systems that emulate the decision-making ability of humans.

Globalization

We are hearing this term more and more each day. Globalization can be described as the operation and
production of goods and services on a global scale. Many companies will compete globally using global
information systems (GIS). These systems allow organizations to compete in global markets. The opening
case in Chapter 15 of the eTextbook, “New Systems Help Eli Lilly Standardize as a Global Company,”
illustrates how a global company can have the same information system requirements as a local or domestic
company but on a larger and more complex scale. In this example, the company had dozens of subsidiaries,
each with its own business processes and reports. Can you imagine the chaos and confusion at corporate
headquarters as they try to make sense of all the data? Imagine all of the data redundancies and

UNIT VIII STUDY GUIDE
Managing Global Systems

ITC 5301, Management Information Systems 2

UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title

inefficiencies when the subsidiaries execute monthly financial data from all of the different systems and data
standards.

In short, the company needed to retire all legacy systems and use a common IT platform such as a single
enterprise resource planning (ERP) system. In 2010, the company did just that—they started implementing a
single global instance of Systems, Applications, and Products (SAP) to all of their subsidiaries. Today, the
company runs on SAP ERP and at least a dozen other SAP software solutions, including systems for
governance, risk management, and compliance (GRC). Of significance was the implementation of the SAP
GRC process controls so that the company could better manage key compliance activities across all business
processes, such as compliance with Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX), segregation of duties (SoD) and operational
controls for managing the business. The SAP GRC process control serves as a central repository to store
data from a global control matrix for Lilly’s entire enterprise and improves management of those controls with
automated monitoring. Because Lilly standardized and streamlined the execution of its processes and
business rules throughout the organization, Lilly has become even more efficient and effective as a global
company.

Organizational challenges of globalization. There are several factors to take into account when operating
globally. Organizations must take into consideration a country’s culture, social expectations, and political
laws. These factors often are not part of our domestic policies, but they will add layers to the organization’s
processes, information system requirements, and management strategies.

For example, a trading company sent out informational brochures to its global investors that included the state
of the company; production statistics; and a strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT)
analysis. In the SWOT analysis, the company used a red flag to indicate a problematic area. In the United
States, a red flag symbolizes “danger” or a “warning.” However, in other countries, the red flag symbolizes
political socialism. You can imagine the trading company’s surprise when they were bombarded with e-mails
asking why a socialist revolution (the red flag) was a threat to the company.

Using the example above, we can see why there may be challenges conducting business with global
companies because of language and cultural differences.

Internationalization of business. Many companies do not construct all of their products in the United States.
Apple’s iPhone is an excellent example of how the company relies on suppliers in other countries to
manufacture parts for their phones. For example, some components are made in China, Malaysia, and Japan,
and the assembly of the phones take place in Taiwan. This is only possible because of the advanced
networks and information systems that Apple uses.

Global Organization Business Strategies

A company’s headquarters is not always located in the United States either; they can be in other countries,
such as Germany and Japan, and have local or regional operations in the United States. There are four types
of business strategies and structures that global organizations can use. They are domestic exporter,
multinational, franchiser, and transnational.

Domestic exporter. This is a company that conducts most, if not all, corporate activities in the home country
of origin. Caterpillar is an example of a domestic exporter of construction and mining equipment as well as
heavy duty diesel and gas engines.

Multinational. This type of organization centralizes its financial management and control from within a central
location such as the corporate headquarters. Product marketing, production, and sales are decentralized to
suit local market environments. Intel is an example of a multinational organization because it is headquartered
in California but also operates out of other countries such as Israel and the Ukraine.

Franchiser. This structure relies on local manufacturing and finance, but foreign resources are used to
complete production and marketing. Examples of this structure are companies that manufacture perishable
products. McDonald’s is an example of a franchiser because it operates restaurant franchises throughout the
United States and around the world.

ITC 5301, Management Information Systems 3

UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title

Transnational. This type of organization is truly transnational because it does not have a centralized location
but, instead, operates using regional headquarters or a global headquarters. Activities are managed from a
global perspective and without the confines of national borders. An example of a transnational company is
Sony (Japanese) because it produces its products in other countries to save on manufacturing costs.

Difficulties of Internationalization

In “E-Commerce in China: Opportunities and Obstacles,” a case study from Chapter 15 of the eTextbook, a
good example is provided regarding how China became one of the largest markets in e-commerce. E-
commerce is strictly regulated in China by the Great Firewall of China. The Great Firewall of China is a set of
rules, regulations, and technologies that regulate the Internet in China, according to Laudon and Laudon
(2022). Chinese consumers have limited or no access to many foreign resources such as Google, Facebook,
Snapchat, and some news sources (e.g., New York Times).

By restricting access to foreign products, the Great Firewall of China forces the Chinese people to purchase
products produced in China, reducing the demand for foreign products. As a result, China is home to several
Internet giants such as Tencent, one of the world’s largest Internet and technology companies and the most
valuable gaming and social media company, according to Laudon and Laudon (2022).

From a cultural perspective, China is home to a large population of online shoppers who tend to be young,
urban, and highly educated. This young generation of online shoppers are huge consumers of apparel, food
and beverages, household goods, electronics, and healthcare products. There are a few select online social
platforms that Chinese consumers can use to discover and evaluate products. But, because of the Great
Firewall, only Chinese retailers are benefiting from engaging with consumers on these social platforms. This
means it is extremely difficult for foreign companies to break through and reach the Chinese population with
their products. To make matters even more difficult, in 2017, China passed a cybersecurity law, requiring
foreign companies to undergo a security check and to store key data in China.

Foreign companies that can conduct business with China must deal with the costs of doing business there.
The main issue is the lack of high-quality logistic providers, resulting in the damage or loss of merchandise,
slow or missing deliveries, and problems with other essential logistical services. These logistical issues can
significantly increase e-commerce operating costs and consequently decrease profit margins.

Summary

Operating a global company is very much like operating a domestic company; both have the same
information system requirements but on a larger and more complex scale. The example of Eli Lilly illustrated
how a company with several subsidiaries could overcome business process issues by implementing a single
enterprise-wide ERP system. By using a single global instance of SAP at all of its locations, the company
became more efficient and effective as a global company.

Global corporations often face challenges and problems when designing, building, and managing their
technology infrastructure. Operating globally means removing a hodgepodge of hardware and software and
arriving at a solution that streamlines the company’s processes to make them more effective and proficient.

There are other challenges to operating globally such as cultural and political differences between countries.
For example, when a company develops a user interface for an application, which language should be used?
Will some colors, graphics, or designs be construed as problematic or perceived differently from what was
intended?

Reference

Laudon, K. C., & Laudon, J. L. (2022). Management information systems: Managing the digital firm (17th ed.).

Pearson.

ITC 5301, Management Information Systems 4

UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title

Suggested Unit Resources

In order to access the following resources, click the links below.

To reinforce the concepts from this unit, you are encouraged to review the following:

• Chapter 15 PowerPoint Presentation
(PDF for Chapter 15 PowerPoint presentation)

The following video cases mentioned in your eTextbook augment the information presented in the assigned
chapter readings. You are encouraged to review the Chapter 15 video cases linked below.

Global Shop Solutions. (2012, February 7). Lean manufacturing & ERP Success Story: Humanetics and

Global Shop Solutions [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bOy1Q7s9lls

Oracle Video. (2008, April 3). Daum runs Oracle Apps on Linux [Video]. YouTube.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ayZ3OLmjAp0

[https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/bbcswebdav/xid-150632011_1](https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/bbcswebdav/xid-150632011_1)

[https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/bbcswebdav/xid-150605747_1](https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/bbcswebdav/xid-150605747_1)

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bOy1Q7s9lls](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bOy1Q7s9lls)

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bOy1Q7s9lls](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bOy1Q7s9lls)

[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ayZ3OLmjAp0](http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ayZ3OLmjAp0)

– Course Learning Outcomes for Unit VIII
– Required Unit Resources
– Unit Lesson

– Complexity of Information Technology (IT)
– Globalization
– Global Organization Business Strategies
– Difficulties of Internationalization
– Summary
– Reference

– Suggested Unit Resources

**## UnitVIIIJournal.docx**

**Unit VIII PowerPoint Presentation**

Reflect on how you can apply the concepts learned in this course in your future professional, personal, or academic pursuits. Given the ubiquity of global corporations in the current economy, reflect on the following:

· Discuss how electronic commerce provides competitive advantages.

· Examine global business trends.

· Discuss organizational challenges of globalization.

· Explain the importance of information systems in global corporations.

Your journal entry must be at least 200 words in length. No references or citations are necessary.

**## UnitVIIIStudyGuide.pdf**

ITC 5301, Management Information Systems 1

Course Learning Outcomes for Unit VIII

Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:

2. Examine emerging trends in information technology for organizations.
2.3 Examine global business trends.

3. Explain how information technology systems influence organizational strategies.

3.7 Discuss organizational challenges of globalization.

5. Critique core information systems applications from a business perspective.
5.5 Explain the importance of information systems in global corporations.

Required Unit Resources

Chapter 15: Managing Global Systems

Unit Lesson

Complexity of Information Technology (IT)

Take a look at technology in its simplest form. Does it seem daunting or complex? For example, a simple
website asks you to input information (e.g., your name, address, phone number). That information is stored in
a record database somewhere. This seems simple, right? What if you consider the information stored by
Amazon.com or some other major organization; what happens to your data is much more complex.

A large retailer will store the input in multiple databases as operational information. That information is likely
processed in different ways and turned into an output, and then the information is scrubbed. It may be stored
in data warehouses for data mining purposes. Marketing decisions are made based on your sales information.
Information systems provide the information that businesses need in order to be strategic in their practices.
Managers need that information to be strategic with regard to decision-making. Information systems help
operations to be more efficient, and they help all facets of business to be better, faster, and more effective.

Years ago, computer systems were much more simplistic as well. Most organizations had large mainframe
computers. Transactions were processed in batches at night. Today, there is a demand for instant, real-time
information. In the past, systems did not talk to each other. You might have to go to three or four different
systems to look up customer information. Today, there is a demand for integration across all systems. In the
past, applications were platform specific (e.g., Unix, Windows). Now, there is a demand for applications that
run on any platform. In the past, the best tool for making decisions might be an Excel spreadsheet. Now,
there are expert systems that emulate the decision-making ability of humans.

Globalization

We are hearing this term more and more each day. Globalization can be described as the operation and
production of goods and services on a global scale. Many companies will compete globally using global
information systems (GIS). These systems allow organizations to compete in global markets. The opening
case in Chapter 15 of the eTextbook, “New Systems Help Eli Lilly Standardize as a Global Company,”
illustrates how a global company can have the same information system requirements as a local or domestic
company but on a larger and more complex scale. In this example, the company had dozens of subsidiaries,
each with its own business processes and reports. Can you imagine the chaos and confusion at corporate
headquarters as they try to make sense of all the data? Imagine all of the data redundancies and

UNIT VIII STUDY GUIDE
Managing Global Systems

ITC 5301, Management Information Systems 2

UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title

inefficiencies when the subsidiaries execute monthly financial data from all of the different systems and data
standards.

In short, the company needed to retire all legacy systems and use a common IT platform such as a single
enterprise resource planning (ERP) system. In 2010, the company did just that—they started implementing a
single global instance of Systems, Applications, and Products (SAP) to all of their subsidiaries. Today, the
company runs on SAP ERP and at least a dozen other SAP software solutions, including systems for
governance, risk management, and compliance (GRC). Of significance was the implementation of the SAP
GRC process controls so that the company could better manage key compliance activities across all business
processes, such as compliance with Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX), segregation of duties (SoD) and operational
controls for managing the business. The SAP GRC process control serves as a central repository to store
data from a global control matrix for Lilly’s entire enterprise and improves management of those controls with
automated monitoring. Because Lilly standardized and streamlined the execution of its processes and
business rules throughout the organization, Lilly has become even more efficient and effective as a global
company.

Organizational challenges of globalization. There are several factors to take into account when operating
globally. Organizations must take into consideration a country’s culture, social expectations, and political
laws. These factors often are not part of our domestic policies, but they will add layers to the organization’s
processes, information system requirements, and management strategies.

For example, a trading company sent out informational brochures to its global investors that included the state
of the company; production statistics; and a strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT)
analysis. In the SWOT analysis, the company used a red flag to indicate a problematic area. In the United
States, a red flag symbolizes “danger” or a “warning.” However, in other countries, the red flag symbolizes
political socialism. You can imagine the trading company’s surprise when they were bombarded with e-mails
asking why a socialist revolution (the red flag) was a threat to the company.

Using the example above, we can see why there may be challenges conducting business with global
companies because of language and cultural differences.

Internationalization of business. Many companies do not construct all of their products in the United States.
Apple’s iPhone is an excellent example of how the company relies on suppliers in other countries to
manufacture parts for their phones. For example, some components are made in China, Malaysia, and Japan,
and the assembly of the phones take place in Taiwan. This is only possible because of the advanced
networks and information systems that Apple uses.

Global Organization Business Strategies

A company’s headquarters is not always located in the United States either; they can be in other countries,
such as Germany and Japan, and have local or regional operations in the United States. There are four types
of business strategies and structures that global organizations can use. They are domestic exporter,
multinational, franchiser, and transnational.

Domestic exporter. This is a company that conducts most, if not all, corporate activities in the home country
of origin. Caterpillar is an example of a domestic exporter of construction and mining equipment as well as
heavy duty diesel and gas engines.

Multinational. This type of organization centralizes its financial management and control from within a central
location such as the corporate headquarters. Product marketing, production, and sales are decentralized to
suit local market environments. Intel is an example of a multinational organization because it is headquartered
in California but also operates out of other countries such as Israel and the Ukraine.

Franchiser. This structure relies on local manufacturing and finance, but foreign resources are used to
complete production and marketing. Examples of this structure are companies that manufacture perishable
products. McDonald’s is an example of a franchiser because it operates restaurant franchises throughout the
United States and around the world.

ITC 5301, Management Information Systems 3

UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title

Transnational. This type of organization is truly transnational because it does not have a centralized location
but, instead, operates using regional headquarters or a global headquarters. Activities are managed from a
global perspective and without the confines of national borders. An example of a transnational company is
Sony (Japanese) because it produces its products in other countries to save on manufacturing costs.

Difficulties of Internationalization

In “E-Commerce in China: Opportunities and Obstacles,” a case study from Chapter 15 of the eTextbook, a
good example is provided regarding how China became one of the largest markets in e-commerce. E-
commerce is strictly regulated in China by the Great Firewall of China. The Great Firewall of China is a set of
rules, regulations, and technologies that regulate the Internet in China, according to Laudon and Laudon
(2022). Chinese consumers have limited or no access to many foreign resources such as Google, Facebook,
Snapchat, and some news sources (e.g., New York Times).

By restricting access to foreign products, the Great Firewall of China forces the Chinese people to purchase
products produced in China, reducing the demand for foreign products. As a result, China is home to several
Internet giants such as Tencent, one of the world’s largest Internet and technology companies and the most
valuable gaming and social media company, according to Laudon and Laudon (2022).

From a cultural perspective, China is home to a large population of online shoppers who tend to be young,
urban, and highly educated. This young generation of online shoppers are huge consumers of apparel, food
and beverages, household goods, electronics, and healthcare products. There are a few select online social
platforms that Chinese consumers can use to discover and evaluate products. But, because of the Great
Firewall, only Chinese retailers are benefiting from engaging with consumers on these social platforms. This
means it is extremely difficult for foreign companies to break through and reach the Chinese population with
their products. To make matters even more difficult, in 2017, China passed a cybersecurity law, requiring
foreign companies to undergo a security check and to store key data in China.

Foreign companies that can conduct business with China must deal with the costs of doing business there.
The main issue is the lack of high-quality logistic providers, resulting in the damage or loss of merchandise,
slow or missing deliveries, and problems with other essential logistical services. These logistical issues can
significantly increase e-commerce operating costs and consequently decrease profit margins.

Summary

Operating a global company is very much like operating a domestic company; both have the same
information system requirements but on a larger and more complex scale. The example of Eli Lilly illustrated
how a company with several subsidiaries could overcome business process issues by implementing a single
enterprise-wide ERP system. By using a single global instance of SAP at all of its locations, the company
became more efficient and effective as a global company.

Global corporations often face challenges and problems when designing, building, and managing their
technology infrastructure. Operating globally means removing a hodgepodge of hardware and software and
arriving at a solution that streamlines the company’s processes to make them more effective and proficient.

There are other challenges to operating globally such as cultural and political differences between countries.
For example, when a company develops a user interface for an application, which language should be used?
Will some colors, graphics, or designs be construed as problematic or perceived differently from what was
intended?

Reference

Laudon, K. C., & Laudon, J. L. (2022). Management information systems: Managing the digital firm (17th ed.).

Pearson.

ITC 5301, Management Information Systems 4

UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title

Suggested Unit Resources

In order to access the following resources, click the links below.

To reinforce the concepts from this unit, you are encouraged to review the following:

• Chapter 15 PowerPoint Presentation
(PDF for Chapter 15 PowerPoint presentation)

The following video cases mentioned in your eTextbook augment the information presented in the assigned
chapter readings. You are encouraged to review the Chapter 15 video cases linked below.

Global Shop Solutions. (2012, February 7). Lean manufacturing & ERP Success Story: Humanetics and

Global Shop Solutions [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bOy1Q7s9lls

Oracle Video. (2008, April 3). Daum runs Oracle Apps on Linux [Video]. YouTube.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ayZ3OLmjAp0

[https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/bbcswebdav/xid-150632011_1](https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/bbcswebdav/xid-150632011_1)

[https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/bbcswebdav/xid-150605747_1](https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/bbcswebdav/xid-150605747_1)

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bOy1Q7s9lls](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bOy1Q7s9lls)

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bOy1Q7s9lls](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bOy1Q7s9lls)

[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ayZ3OLmjAp0](http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ayZ3OLmjAp0)

– Course Learning Outcomes for Unit VIII
– Required Unit Resources
– Unit Lesson

– Complexity of Information Technology (IT)
– Globalization
– Global Organization Business Strategies
– Difficulties of Internationalization
– Summary
– Reference

– Suggested Unit Resources

– 1
– 2

November 5, 2026
[Solved] The Impact of Innovation

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Today's business environment is characterized by a competitive intensity that requires innovative thinking and strategic decision-making competencies. As a business professional, it is essential that you apply the principles of strategic decision-making and design thinking to positively influence th…

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Assignment Prompt & Instructions

Today's business environment is characterized by a competitive intensity that requires innovative thinking and strategic decision-making competencies. As a business professional, it is essential that you apply the principles of strategic decision-making and design thinking to positively influence the effectiveness of a business in its markets.
In this task, you will act as a consultant for the company in the given scenario. As you complete the task, think about the materials you encountered in the course or past projects you have worked on that required innovative thinking and effective, strategic decision-making. You will be required to provide a market entry overview for the hypothetical company in the following scenario. As part of this market entry overview, you will
•   assess the internal factors and aspects of the company,
•   explain how elements of the emerging market influence the design of the company's product, and
•   apply the results of your analysis to the market entry strategy.

November 5, 2026