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[>Anatomy homework help](https://www.sweetstudy.com/fields/biology-anatomy) See attached worksheet for instructions and attachments. – a year ago **files (6)** – ## Worksheet.docx – ## Source1.pdf – ## Source2.pdf – Image5.png – Source4.pdf – Source3.pdf **## Worksheet.docx** Use the five attachment…

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[>Anatomy homework help](https://www.sweetstudy.com/fields/biology-anatomy)

See attached worksheet for instructions and attachments.

– a year ago

**files (6)**

– ## Worksheet.docx

– ## Source1.pdf

– ## Source2.pdf

– Image5.png
– Source4.pdf
– Source3.pdf

**## Worksheet.docx**

Use the five attachments to complete the following:

**Document 1**

Title: Click or tap here to enter text.

Type of document: Click or tap here to enter text.

Year created: Click or tap here to enter text.

Who likely read this document? Click or tap here to enter text.

What is the document about (one paragraph summary)? Click or tap here to enter text.

One quote from the document that supports your answer: Click or tap here to enter text.[endnoteRef:1] [1: Click or tap here to enter text.]

**Document 2**

Title: Click or tap here to enter text.

Type of document: Click or tap here to enter text.

Year created: Click or tap here to enter text.

Who likely read the document? Click or tap here to enter text.

What is the document about (one paragraph summary)? Click or tap here to enter text.

One quote from the document that supports your answer:Click or tap here to enter text.[endnoteRef:2] [2: Click or tap here to enter text.
3. Click or tap here to enter text.
4. Click or tap here to enter text.]

**Document 3**

Title: Click or tap here to enter text.

Type of document: Click or tap here to enter text.

Year created: Click or tap here to enter text.

Who likely read the document? Click or tap here to enter text.

What is the document about (one paragraph summary)? Click or tap here to enter text.

One quote from the document that supports your answer:Click or tap here to enter text.

**Document 4**

Title: Click or tap here to enter text.

Type of document: Click or tap here to enter text.

Year created: Click or tap here to enter text.

Who likely read the document? Click or tap here to enter text.

What is the document about (one paragraph summary)? Click or tap here to enter text.

One quote from the document that supports your answer:Click or tap here to enter text.

**Image**

Write two words that describe the photo: Click or tap here to enter text.

Are there people? If so, describe them: Click or tap here to enter text.

Are there objects? If so, describe them: Click or tap here to enter text.

Why do you think the photo was taken? Click or tap here to enter text.

Where do you think the photo was taken? Click or tap here to enter text.

How does this photo compare to modern times? Click or tap here to enter text.

Taken all together, what did you learn about the time period we are studying this week from these documents and image? Click or tap here to enter text.

**## Source1.pdf**

Civil Rights Movement Archive
Example Segregation Laws

Birmingham Public Accomodation Segregation Laws

Montgomery Bus Segregation Laws

Throughout the South, states, counties, and municipalities had a bewildering array of inconsistent segregation
laws mandating the separation of the races. Tens of thousands of men, women, girls, and boys — most of them
Black, some white — were arrested during the Freedom Movement for violating these dehumanizing laws. The
few examples below are typical of the southern segregation laws that were eventually over-turned by Federal
court rulings the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

Birmingham Public Accomodation Segregation Laws

SECTION 359. SEPARATION OF RACES
It shall be unlawful for any person in charge or control of any room, hall, theater,
picture house, auditorium, yard, court, ballpark, public park, or other indoor or outdoor
place, to which both white persons and Negroes are admitted, to cause, permit or allow
herein or thereon any theatrical performance, picture exhibition, speech or educational or
entertainment program of any kind whatsoever, unless such room, hall, theater, picture
house, auditorium, yard, court, ball park, or other place, has entrances, exits, and
seating or standing sections set aside for and assigned to the use of Negroes, unless the
entrances, exits and seating or standing sections set aside for and assigned to the use of
white persons are distinctly separated from those set aside for and assigned to the use of
Negroes, by well defined physical barriers, and unless the members of each race are
affectively restricted and confined to the sections set aside for and assigned to the use
of such race.

SECTION 369. SEPARATION OF RACES
It shall be unlawful to conduct a restaurant or other place of the serving of food in the
city at which white and colored people are served in the same room, unless such white and
colored persons are effectually separated by a solid partition extending from the floor
upward to a distance of seven feet or higher, and unless a separate entrance from the
street is provided for each compartment.

SECTION 597. NEGROES AND WHITE PERSONS NOT TO PLAY TOGETHER.
It shall be unlawful for a Negro and a white person to play together or in company with
each other in any game of cards, dice, dominoes or checkers. Any person, who being the
owner, proprietor or keeper or superintendent, of any tavern, inn, restaurant, or other
public house or public place, or the clerk, servant or employee or such owner, proprietor,
keeper or superintendent, knowingly permits a Negro and a white person to play together or
in company with each other at any game with cards, dice, dominoes or checkers in his house
or on his premises shall, on conviction, be punished as provided in Section 4.

Montgomery Bus Segregation Laws

SECTION 10. SEPARATION OF RACES—REQUIRED
Every person operating a bus line in the city shall provide equal but separate
accommodations for white people and negroes on his buses, by requiring the employees in
charge thereof to assign passengers seats on the vehicles under their charge in such
manner as to separate the white people from the negroes, where there are both white an
negroes on the same car; provided, however, that negro nurses having in charge white
children or sick or infirm white persons, may be assigned seats among white people. (Code
1938 : 603.)

SECTION 11. POWERS OF PERSONS IN CHARGE OF VEHICLE.
Any employee in charge of a bus operated in the city shall have the powers of a police

4/24/25, 3:46 PM Veterans of the Civil Rights Movement — Example Segregation Laws

https://www.crmvet.org/info/seglaws.htm 1/2

[https://www.crmvet.org/tim/tim64c.htm#1964cra64](https://www.crmvet.org/tim/tim64c.htm#1964cra64)

office of the city while in actual charge of any bus, for the purpose of carrying out the
provisions of the preceding section, and it shall be unlawful for any passenger to refuse
or fail to take a seat among those assigned to the race to which he belongs, at the
request of any such employee in charge, if there is a seat vacant. (Code 1938 : 604.)

Copyright ©
Webspinner: webmaster@crmvet.org
(Labor donated)

4/24/25, 3:46 PM Veterans of the Civil Rights Movement — Example Segregation Laws

https://www.crmvet.org/info/seglaws.htm 2/2

[mailto:webmaster@crmvet.org](mailto:webmaster@crmvet.org)

**## Source2.pdf**

Birmingham Manifesto
April 3, 1963

[The direct-action phase of the Birmingham Campaign commenced on April 3, 1963 when ACMHR issued the Manifesto below and more than 60
protesters trained and led by SCLC staff began sitting in at downtown lunch counters. At a time when Blacks who defied the status quo faced
arrests on trumped up charges, beatings, bombings, and shootings, it took enormous courage for Shuttlesworth and Smith to sign this public
declaration of resistance to the established order. ]

The patience of an oppressed people cannot endure forever. The Negro citizens of Birmingham for the last
several years have hoped in vain for some evidence of good faith resolution of our just grievances.

Birmingham is part of the United States and we are bona fide citizens. Yet the history of Birmingham reveals
that very little of the democratic process touches the life of the Negro in Birmingham. We have been segregated
racially, exploited economically, and dominated politically. Under the leadership of the Alabama Christian
Movement for Human Rights, we sought relief by petition for the repeal of city ordinances requiring segregation
and the institution of a merit hiring policy in city employment. We were rebuffed. We then turned to the system
of the courts. We weathered set-back after set-back, with all of its costliness, finally winning the terminal, bus,
parks and airport cases. The bus decision has been implemented a begrudgingly and the parks decision prompted
the closing of all municipally-owned recreational facilities with the exception of the zoo and Legion Field. The
airport case has been a slightly better experience with the experience of hotel accommodations and the subtle
discrimination that continues in the limousine service.

We have always been a peaceful people, bearing our oppression with super-human effort. Yet we have been the
victims of repeated violence, not only that inflicted by the hoodlum element but also that inflicted by the blatant
misuse of police power. Our memories are seared with painful mob experience of Mother's Day 1961 during the
Freedom Rides. For years, while our homes and churches were being bombed, we heard nothing but the rantings
and ravings of racist city officials.

The Negro protest for equality and justice has been a voice crying in the wilderness. Most of Birmingham has
remained silent, probably ,out of fear. In the meanwhile, our city has acquired the dubious reputation of being
the worst big city in race relations in the United States. Last fall, for a flickering moment, it appeared that sincere
community leaders from religion, business and industry discerned the inevitable Confrontation in race relations
approaching. Their Concern for the city's image and Commonweal of all its citizens did not run deep enough.
Solemn promises were made, pending a postponement of direct action, that we would be joined in a suit seeking
the relief of segregation ordinances. Some merchants agreed to desegregate their rest-rooms as a good-faith start,
some actually complying, only to retreat shortly thereafter. We hold in our hands now, broken faith and broken
promises.

We believe in the American Dream of democracy, in the Jeffersonian doctrine that "all men are created equal and
are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights, among these being life, liberty and the pursuit of
happiness."

Twice since September we have deferred our direct action thrust in order that a change in city government would
not be made in the hysteria of community crisis. We act today in full Concert with our Hebraic-Christian
tradition, the law of morality and the Constitution of our nation. The absence of justice and progress in
Birmingham demands that we make a moral witness to give our community a chance to survive. We demonstrate
our faith that we believe that The Beloved Community can come to Birmingham.

We appeal to the citizenry of Birmingham, Negro and white, to join us in this witness for decency, morality, self-
respect and human dignity. Your individual and corporate support can hasten the day of "liberty and justice for
all." This is Birmingham's moment of truth in which every citizen can play his part in her larger destiny. The
Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights, in behalf of the Negro community of Birmingham.

F. L. Shuttlesworth, President
N. H. Smith, Secretary

4/24/25, 3:47 PM Veterans of the Civil Rights Movement — Birmingham Manifesto

https://www.crmvet.org/docs/bhammanf.htm 1/2

[https://www.crmvet.org/tim/timhis63.htm#1963bham](https://www.crmvet.org/tim/timhis63.htm#1963bham)

Copyright ©
Webspinner: webmaster@crmvet.org
(Labor donated)

4/24/25, 3:47 PM Veterans of the Civil Rights Movement — Birmingham Manifesto

https://www.crmvet.org/docs/bhammanf.htm 2/2

[mailto:webmaster@crmvet.org](mailto:webmaster@crmvet.org)

**Image5.png**

This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/image5-png-10273653)

**Source4.pdf**

This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/source4-pdf-10273651)

**Source3.pdf**

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**Source3.pdf**

This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/source3-pdf-10273649)

**## Worksheet.docx**

Use the five attachments to complete the following:

**Document 1**

Title: Click or tap here to enter text.

Type of document: Click or tap here to enter text.

Year created: Click or tap here to enter text.

Who likely read this document? Click or tap here to enter text.

What is the document about (one paragraph summary)? Click or tap here to enter text.

One quote from the document that supports your answer: Click or tap here to enter text.[endnoteRef:1] [1: Click or tap here to enter text.]

**Document 2**

Title: Click or tap here to enter text.

Type of document: Click or tap here to enter text.

Year created: Click or tap here to enter text.

Who likely read the document? Click or tap here to enter text.

What is the document about (one paragraph summary)? Click or tap here to enter text.

One quote from the document that supports your answer:Click or tap here to enter text.[endnoteRef:2] [2: Click or tap here to enter text.
3. Click or tap here to enter text.
4. Click or tap here to enter text.]

**Document 3**

Title: Click or tap here to enter text.

Type of document: Click or tap here to enter text.

Year created: Click or tap here to enter text.

Who likely read the document? Click or tap here to enter text.

What is the document about (one paragraph summary)? Click or tap here to enter text.

One quote from the document that supports your answer:Click or tap here to enter text.

**Document 4**

Title: Click or tap here to enter text.

Type of document: Click or tap here to enter text.

Year created: Click or tap here to enter text.

Who likely read the document? Click or tap here to enter text.

What is the document about (one paragraph summary)? Click or tap here to enter text.

One quote from the document that supports your answer:Click or tap here to enter text.

**Image**

Write two words that describe the photo: Click or tap here to enter text.

Are there people? If so, describe them: Click or tap here to enter text.

Are there objects? If so, describe them: Click or tap here to enter text.

Why do you think the photo was taken? Click or tap here to enter text.

Where do you think the photo was taken? Click or tap here to enter text.

How does this photo compare to modern times? Click or tap here to enter text.

Taken all together, what did you learn about the time period we are studying this week from these documents and image? Click or tap here to enter text.

**## Source1.pdf**

Civil Rights Movement Archive
Example Segregation Laws

Birmingham Public Accomodation Segregation Laws

Montgomery Bus Segregation Laws

Throughout the South, states, counties, and municipalities had a bewildering array of inconsistent segregation
laws mandating the separation of the races. Tens of thousands of men, women, girls, and boys — most of them
Black, some white — were arrested during the Freedom Movement for violating these dehumanizing laws. The
few examples below are typical of the southern segregation laws that were eventually over-turned by Federal
court rulings the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

Birmingham Public Accomodation Segregation Laws

SECTION 359. SEPARATION OF RACES
It shall be unlawful for any person in charge or control of any room, hall, theater,
picture house, auditorium, yard, court, ballpark, public park, or other indoor or outdoor
place, to which both white persons and Negroes are admitted, to cause, permit or allow
herein or thereon any theatrical performance, picture exhibition, speech or educational or
entertainment program of any kind whatsoever, unless such room, hall, theater, picture
house, auditorium, yard, court, ball park, or other place, has entrances, exits, and
seating or standing sections set aside for and assigned to the use of Negroes, unless the
entrances, exits and seating or standing sections set aside for and assigned to the use of
white persons are distinctly separated from those set aside for and assigned to the use of
Negroes, by well defined physical barriers, and unless the members of each race are
affectively restricted and confined to the sections set aside for and assigned to the use
of such race.

SECTION 369. SEPARATION OF RACES
It shall be unlawful to conduct a restaurant or other place of the serving of food in the
city at which white and colored people are served in the same room, unless such white and
colored persons are effectually separated by a solid partition extending from the floor
upward to a distance of seven feet or higher, and unless a separate entrance from the
street is provided for each compartment.

SECTION 597. NEGROES AND WHITE PERSONS NOT TO PLAY TOGETHER.
It shall be unlawful for a Negro and a white person to play together or in company with
each other in any game of cards, dice, dominoes or checkers. Any person, who being the
owner, proprietor or keeper or superintendent, of any tavern, inn, restaurant, or other
public house or public place, or the clerk, servant or employee or such owner, proprietor,
keeper or superintendent, knowingly permits a Negro and a white person to play together or
in company with each other at any game with cards, dice, dominoes or checkers in his house
or on his premises shall, on conviction, be punished as provided in Section 4.

Montgomery Bus Segregation Laws

SECTION 10. SEPARATION OF RACES—REQUIRED
Every person operating a bus line in the city shall provide equal but separate
accommodations for white people and negroes on his buses, by requiring the employees in
charge thereof to assign passengers seats on the vehicles under their charge in such
manner as to separate the white people from the negroes, where there are both white an
negroes on the same car; provided, however, that negro nurses having in charge white
children or sick or infirm white persons, may be assigned seats among white people. (Code
1938 : 603.)

SECTION 11. POWERS OF PERSONS IN CHARGE OF VEHICLE.
Any employee in charge of a bus operated in the city shall have the powers of a police

4/24/25, 3:46 PM Veterans of the Civil Rights Movement — Example Segregation Laws

https://www.crmvet.org/info/seglaws.htm 1/2

[https://www.crmvet.org/tim/tim64c.htm#1964cra64](https://www.crmvet.org/tim/tim64c.htm#1964cra64)

office of the city while in actual charge of any bus, for the purpose of carrying out the
provisions of the preceding section, and it shall be unlawful for any passenger to refuse
or fail to take a seat among those assigned to the race to which he belongs, at the
request of any such employee in charge, if there is a seat vacant. (Code 1938 : 604.)

Copyright ©
Webspinner: webmaster@crmvet.org
(Labor donated)

4/24/25, 3:46 PM Veterans of the Civil Rights Movement — Example Segregation Laws

https://www.crmvet.org/info/seglaws.htm 2/2

[mailto:webmaster@crmvet.org](mailto:webmaster@crmvet.org)

**## Source2.pdf**

Birmingham Manifesto
April 3, 1963

[The direct-action phase of the Birmingham Campaign commenced on April 3, 1963 when ACMHR issued the Manifesto below and more than 60
protesters trained and led by SCLC staff began sitting in at downtown lunch counters. At a time when Blacks who defied the status quo faced
arrests on trumped up charges, beatings, bombings, and shootings, it took enormous courage for Shuttlesworth and Smith to sign this public
declaration of resistance to the established order. ]

The patience of an oppressed people cannot endure forever. The Negro citizens of Birmingham for the last
several years have hoped in vain for some evidence of good faith resolution of our just grievances.

Birmingham is part of the United States and we are bona fide citizens. Yet the history of Birmingham reveals
that very little of the democratic process touches the life of the Negro in Birmingham. We have been segregated
racially, exploited economically, and dominated politically. Under the leadership of the Alabama Christian
Movement for Human Rights, we sought relief by petition for the repeal of city ordinances requiring segregation
and the institution of a merit hiring policy in city employment. We were rebuffed. We then turned to the system
of the courts. We weathered set-back after set-back, with all of its costliness, finally winning the terminal, bus,
parks and airport cases. The bus decision has been implemented a begrudgingly and the parks decision prompted
the closing of all municipally-owned recreational facilities with the exception of the zoo and Legion Field. The
airport case has been a slightly better experience with the experience of hotel accommodations and the subtle
discrimination that continues in the limousine service.

We have always been a peaceful people, bearing our oppression with super-human effort. Yet we have been the
victims of repeated violence, not only that inflicted by the hoodlum element but also that inflicted by the blatant
misuse of police power. Our memories are seared with painful mob experience of Mother's Day 1961 during the
Freedom Rides. For years, while our homes and churches were being bombed, we heard nothing but the rantings
and ravings of racist city officials.

The Negro protest for equality and justice has been a voice crying in the wilderness. Most of Birmingham has
remained silent, probably ,out of fear. In the meanwhile, our city has acquired the dubious reputation of being
the worst big city in race relations in the United States. Last fall, for a flickering moment, it appeared that sincere
community leaders from religion, business and industry discerned the inevitable Confrontation in race relations
approaching. Their Concern for the city's image and Commonweal of all its citizens did not run deep enough.
Solemn promises were made, pending a postponement of direct action, that we would be joined in a suit seeking
the relief of segregation ordinances. Some merchants agreed to desegregate their rest-rooms as a good-faith start,
some actually complying, only to retreat shortly thereafter. We hold in our hands now, broken faith and broken
promises.

We believe in the American Dream of democracy, in the Jeffersonian doctrine that "all men are created equal and
are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights, among these being life, liberty and the pursuit of
happiness."

Twice since September we have deferred our direct action thrust in order that a change in city government would
not be made in the hysteria of community crisis. We act today in full Concert with our Hebraic-Christian
tradition, the law of morality and the Constitution of our nation. The absence of justice and progress in
Birmingham demands that we make a moral witness to give our community a chance to survive. We demonstrate
our faith that we believe that The Beloved Community can come to Birmingham.

We appeal to the citizenry of Birmingham, Negro and white, to join us in this witness for decency, morality, self-
respect and human dignity. Your individual and corporate support can hasten the day of "liberty and justice for
all." This is Birmingham's moment of truth in which every citizen can play his part in her larger destiny. The
Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights, in behalf of the Negro community of Birmingham.

F. L. Shuttlesworth, President
N. H. Smith, Secretary

4/24/25, 3:47 PM Veterans of the Civil Rights Movement — Birmingham Manifesto

https://www.crmvet.org/docs/bhammanf.htm 1/2

[https://www.crmvet.org/tim/timhis63.htm#1963bham](https://www.crmvet.org/tim/timhis63.htm#1963bham)

Copyright ©
Webspinner: webmaster@crmvet.org
(Labor donated)

4/24/25, 3:47 PM Veterans of the Civil Rights Movement — Birmingham Manifesto

https://www.crmvet.org/docs/bhammanf.htm 2/2

[mailto:webmaster@crmvet.org](mailto:webmaster@crmvet.org)

**Image5.png**

This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/image5-png-10273653)

**Source4.pdf**

This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/source4-pdf-10273651)

**Source3.pdf**

This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/source3-pdf-10273649)

**## Worksheet.docx**

Use the five attachments to complete the following:

**Document 1**

Title: Click or tap here to enter text.

Type of document: Click or tap here to enter text.

Year created: Click or tap here to enter text.

Who likely read this document? Click or tap here to enter text.

What is the document about (one paragraph summary)? Click or tap here to enter text.

One quote from the document that supports your answer: Click or tap here to enter text.[endnoteRef:1] [1: Click or tap here to enter text.]

**Document 2**

Title: Click or tap here to enter text.

Type of document: Click or tap here to enter text.

Year created: Click or tap here to enter text.

Who likely read the document? Click or tap here to enter text.

What is the document about (one paragraph summary)? Click or tap here to enter text.

One quote from the document that supports your answer:Click or tap here to enter text.[endnoteRef:2] [2: Click or tap here to enter text.
3. Click or tap here to enter text.
4. Click or tap here to enter text.]

**Document 3**

Title: Click or tap here to enter text.

Type of document: Click or tap here to enter text.

Year created: Click or tap here to enter text.

Who likely read the document? Click or tap here to enter text.

What is the document about (one paragraph summary)? Click or tap here to enter text.

One quote from the document that supports your answer:Click or tap here to enter text.

**Document 4**

Title: Click or tap here to enter text.

Type of document: Click or tap here to enter text.

Year created: Click or tap here to enter text.

Who likely read the document? Click or tap here to enter text.

What is the document about (one paragraph summary)? Click or tap here to enter text.

One quote from the document that supports your answer:Click or tap here to enter text.

**Image**

Write two words that describe the photo: Click or tap here to enter text.

Are there people? If so, describe them: Click or tap here to enter text.

Are there objects? If so, describe them: Click or tap here to enter text.

Why do you think the photo was taken? Click or tap here to enter text.

Where do you think the photo was taken? Click or tap here to enter text.

How does this photo compare to modern times? Click or tap here to enter text.

Taken all together, what did you learn about the time period we are studying this week from these documents and image? Click or tap here to enter text.

**## Source1.pdf**

Civil Rights Movement Archive
Example Segregation Laws

Birmingham Public Accomodation Segregation Laws

Montgomery Bus Segregation Laws

Throughout the South, states, counties, and municipalities had a bewildering array of inconsistent segregation
laws mandating the separation of the races. Tens of thousands of men, women, girls, and boys — most of them
Black, some white — were arrested during the Freedom Movement for violating these dehumanizing laws. The
few examples below are typical of the southern segregation laws that were eventually over-turned by Federal
court rulings the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

Birmingham Public Accomodation Segregation Laws

SECTION 359. SEPARATION OF RACES
It shall be unlawful for any person in charge or control of any room, hall, theater,
picture house, auditorium, yard, court, ballpark, public park, or other indoor or outdoor
place, to which both white persons and Negroes are admitted, to cause, permit or allow
herein or thereon any theatrical performance, picture exhibition, speech or educational or
entertainment program of any kind whatsoever, unless such room, hall, theater, picture
house, auditorium, yard, court, ball park, or other place, has entrances, exits, and
seating or standing sections set aside for and assigned to the use of Negroes, unless the
entrances, exits and seating or standing sections set aside for and assigned to the use of
white persons are distinctly separated from those set aside for and assigned to the use of
Negroes, by well defined physical barriers, and unless the members of each race are
affectively restricted and confined to the sections set aside for and assigned to the use
of such race.

SECTION 369. SEPARATION OF RACES
It shall be unlawful to conduct a restaurant or other place of the serving of food in the
city at which white and colored people are served in the same room, unless such white and
colored persons are effectually separated by a solid partition extending from the floor
upward to a distance of seven feet or higher, and unless a separate entrance from the
street is provided for each compartment.

SECTION 597. NEGROES AND WHITE PERSONS NOT TO PLAY TOGETHER.
It shall be unlawful for a Negro and a white person to play together or in company with
each other in any game of cards, dice, dominoes or checkers. Any person, who being the
owner, proprietor or keeper or superintendent, of any tavern, inn, restaurant, or other
public house or public place, or the clerk, servant or employee or such owner, proprietor,
keeper or superintendent, knowingly permits a Negro and a white person to play together or
in company with each other at any game with cards, dice, dominoes or checkers in his house
or on his premises shall, on conviction, be punished as provided in Section 4.

Montgomery Bus Segregation Laws

SECTION 10. SEPARATION OF RACES—REQUIRED
Every person operating a bus line in the city shall provide equal but separate
accommodations for white people and negroes on his buses, by requiring the employees in
charge thereof to assign passengers seats on the vehicles under their charge in such
manner as to separate the white people from the negroes, where there are both white an
negroes on the same car; provided, however, that negro nurses having in charge white
children or sick or infirm white persons, may be assigned seats among white people. (Code
1938 : 603.)

SECTION 11. POWERS OF PERSONS IN CHARGE OF VEHICLE.
Any employee in charge of a bus operated in the city shall have the powers of a police

4/24/25, 3:46 PM Veterans of the Civil Rights Movement — Example Segregation Laws

https://www.crmvet.org/info/seglaws.htm 1/2

[https://www.crmvet.org/tim/tim64c.htm#1964cra64](https://www.crmvet.org/tim/tim64c.htm#1964cra64)

office of the city while in actual charge of any bus, for the purpose of carrying out the
provisions of the preceding section, and it shall be unlawful for any passenger to refuse
or fail to take a seat among those assigned to the race to which he belongs, at the
request of any such employee in charge, if there is a seat vacant. (Code 1938 : 604.)

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**## Source2.pdf**

Birmingham Manifesto
April 3, 1963

[The direct-action phase of the Birmingham Campaign commenced on April 3, 1963 when ACMHR issued the Manifesto below and more than 60
protesters trained and led by SCLC staff began sitting in at downtown lunch counters. At a time when Blacks who defied the status quo faced
arrests on trumped up charges, beatings, bombings, and shootings, it took enormous courage for Shuttlesworth and Smith to sign this public
declaration of resistance to the established order. ]

The patience of an oppressed people cannot endure forever. The Negro citizens of Birmingham for the last
several years have hoped in vain for some evidence of good faith resolution of our just grievances.

Birmingham is part of the United States and we are bona fide citizens. Yet the history of Birmingham reveals
that very little of the democratic process touches the life of the Negro in Birmingham. We have been segregated
racially, exploited economically, and dominated politically. Under the leadership of the Alabama Christian
Movement for Human Rights, we sought relief by petition for the repeal of city ordinances requiring segregation
and the institution of a merit hiring policy in city employment. We were rebuffed. We then turned to the system
of the courts. We weathered set-back after set-back, with all of its costliness, finally winning the terminal, bus,
parks and airport cases. The bus decision has been implemented a begrudgingly and the parks decision prompted
the closing of all municipally-owned recreational facilities with the exception of the zoo and Legion Field. The
airport case has been a slightly better experience with the experience of hotel accommodations and the subtle
discrimination that continues in the limousine service.

We have always been a peaceful people, bearing our oppression with super-human effort. Yet we have been the
victims of repeated violence, not only that inflicted by the hoodlum element but also that inflicted by the blatant
misuse of police power. Our memories are seared with painful mob experience of Mother's Day 1961 during the
Freedom Rides. For years, while our homes and churches were being bombed, we heard nothing but the rantings
and ravings of racist city officials.

The Negro protest for equality and justice has been a voice crying in the wilderness. Most of Birmingham has
remained silent, probably ,out of fear. In the meanwhile, our city has acquired the dubious reputation of being
the worst big city in race relations in the United States. Last fall, for a flickering moment, it appeared that sincere
community leaders from religion, business and industry discerned the inevitable Confrontation in race relations
approaching. Their Concern for the city's image and Commonweal of all its citizens did not run deep enough.
Solemn promises were made, pending a postponement of direct action, that we would be joined in a suit seeking
the relief of segregation ordinances. Some merchants agreed to desegregate their rest-rooms as a good-faith start,
some actually complying, only to retreat shortly thereafter. We hold in our hands now, broken faith and broken
promises.

We believe in the American Dream of democracy, in the Jeffersonian doctrine that "all men are created equal and
are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights, among these being life, liberty and the pursuit of
happiness."

Twice since September we have deferred our direct action thrust in order that a change in city government would
not be made in the hysteria of community crisis. We act today in full Concert with our Hebraic-Christian
tradition, the law of morality and the Constitution of our nation. The absence of justice and progress in
Birmingham demands that we make a moral witness to give our community a chance to survive. We demonstrate
our faith that we believe that The Beloved Community can come to Birmingham.

We appeal to the citizenry of Birmingham, Negro and white, to join us in this witness for decency, morality, self-
respect and human dignity. Your individual and corporate support can hasten the day of "liberty and justice for
all." This is Birmingham's moment of truth in which every citizen can play his part in her larger destiny. The
Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights, in behalf of the Negro community of Birmingham.

F. L. Shuttlesworth, President
N. H. Smith, Secretary

4/24/25, 3:47 PM Veterans of the Civil Rights Movement — Birmingham Manifesto

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See Attachment – a year ago **files (6)** – ## InstructionsHere.docx – ## Source1.pdf – ## Source2.pdf – ## Source4.pdf – Image5.png – Source3.pdf **## InstructionsHere.docx** Use the 5 Sources attached to Write a 2 page reflective essay that explores the following questions. You must cite (using fo…

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– a year ago

**files (6)**

– ## InstructionsHere.docx

– ## Source1.pdf

– ## Source2.pdf

– ## Source4.pdf

– Image5.png
– Source3.pdf

**## InstructionsHere.docx**

Use the 5 Sources attached to Write a 2 page reflective essay that explores the following questions. You must cite (using footnotes or endnotes) if you directly quote any sources.

Please only use the sources attached.

1. What did looking at all of these sources, in addition to the overview, teach you about the events in Birmingham in 1963?

2. How does what you learned from these sources compare to what your textbook said about the events? What does this tell you about how textbooks have to condense information?

3. How was your understanding of the events in Birmingham in 1963 enhanced by reading primary sources, rather than just reading the overview alone?

4. Why is reading multiple primary sources surrounding an event important to understanding it?

100% NO PLAGIARISM!!!!

**## Source1.pdf**

Civil Rights Movement Archive
Example Segregation Laws

Birmingham Public Accomodation Segregation Laws

Montgomery Bus Segregation Laws

Throughout the South, states, counties, and municipalities had a bewildering array of inconsistent segregation
laws mandating the separation of the races. Tens of thousands of men, women, girls, and boys — most of them
Black, some white — were arrested during the Freedom Movement for violating these dehumanizing laws. The
few examples below are typical of the southern segregation laws that were eventually over-turned by Federal
court rulings the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

Birmingham Public Accomodation Segregation Laws

SECTION 359. SEPARATION OF RACES
It shall be unlawful for any person in charge or control of any room, hall, theater,
picture house, auditorium, yard, court, ballpark, public park, or other indoor or outdoor
place, to which both white persons and Negroes are admitted, to cause, permit or allow
herein or thereon any theatrical performance, picture exhibition, speech or educational or
entertainment program of any kind whatsoever, unless such room, hall, theater, picture
house, auditorium, yard, court, ball park, or other place, has entrances, exits, and
seating or standing sections set aside for and assigned to the use of Negroes, unless the
entrances, exits and seating or standing sections set aside for and assigned to the use of
white persons are distinctly separated from those set aside for and assigned to the use of
Negroes, by well defined physical barriers, and unless the members of each race are
affectively restricted and confined to the sections set aside for and assigned to the use
of such race.

SECTION 369. SEPARATION OF RACES
It shall be unlawful to conduct a restaurant or other place of the serving of food in the
city at which white and colored people are served in the same room, unless such white and
colored persons are effectually separated by a solid partition extending from the floor
upward to a distance of seven feet or higher, and unless a separate entrance from the
street is provided for each compartment.

SECTION 597. NEGROES AND WHITE PERSONS NOT TO PLAY TOGETHER.
It shall be unlawful for a Negro and a white person to play together or in company with
each other in any game of cards, dice, dominoes or checkers. Any person, who being the
owner, proprietor or keeper or superintendent, of any tavern, inn, restaurant, or other
public house or public place, or the clerk, servant or employee or such owner, proprietor,
keeper or superintendent, knowingly permits a Negro and a white person to play together or
in company with each other at any game with cards, dice, dominoes or checkers in his house
or on his premises shall, on conviction, be punished as provided in Section 4.

Montgomery Bus Segregation Laws

SECTION 10. SEPARATION OF RACES—REQUIRED
Every person operating a bus line in the city shall provide equal but separate
accommodations for white people and negroes on his buses, by requiring the employees in
charge thereof to assign passengers seats on the vehicles under their charge in such
manner as to separate the white people from the negroes, where there are both white an
negroes on the same car; provided, however, that negro nurses having in charge white
children or sick or infirm white persons, may be assigned seats among white people. (Code
1938 : 603.)

SECTION 11. POWERS OF PERSONS IN CHARGE OF VEHICLE.
Any employee in charge of a bus operated in the city shall have the powers of a police

4/24/25, 3:46 PM Veterans of the Civil Rights Movement — Example Segregation Laws

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office of the city while in actual charge of any bus, for the purpose of carrying out the
provisions of the preceding section, and it shall be unlawful for any passenger to refuse
or fail to take a seat among those assigned to the race to which he belongs, at the
request of any such employee in charge, if there is a seat vacant. (Code 1938 : 604.)

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**## Source2.pdf**

Birmingham Manifesto
April 3, 1963

[The direct-action phase of the Birmingham Campaign commenced on April 3, 1963 when ACMHR issued the Manifesto below and more than 60
protesters trained and led by SCLC staff began sitting in at downtown lunch counters. At a time when Blacks who defied the status quo faced
arrests on trumped up charges, beatings, bombings, and shootings, it took enormous courage for Shuttlesworth and Smith to sign this public
declaration of resistance to the established order. ]

The patience of an oppressed people cannot endure forever. The Negro citizens of Birmingham for the last
several years have hoped in vain for some evidence of good faith resolution of our just grievances.

Birmingham is part of the United States and we are bona fide citizens. Yet the history of Birmingham reveals
that very little of the democratic process touches the life of the Negro in Birmingham. We have been segregated
racially, exploited economically, and dominated politically. Under the leadership of the Alabama Christian
Movement for Human Rights, we sought relief by petition for the repeal of city ordinances requiring segregation
and the institution of a merit hiring policy in city employment. We were rebuffed. We then turned to the system
of the courts. We weathered set-back after set-back, with all of its costliness, finally winning the terminal, bus,
parks and airport cases. The bus decision has been implemented a begrudgingly and the parks decision prompted
the closing of all municipally-owned recreational facilities with the exception of the zoo and Legion Field. The
airport case has been a slightly better experience with the experience of hotel accommodations and the subtle
discrimination that continues in the limousine service.

We have always been a peaceful people, bearing our oppression with super-human effort. Yet we have been the
victims of repeated violence, not only that inflicted by the hoodlum element but also that inflicted by the blatant
misuse of police power. Our memories are seared with painful mob experience of Mother's Day 1961 during the
Freedom Rides. For years, while our homes and churches were being bombed, we heard nothing but the rantings
and ravings of racist city officials.

The Negro protest for equality and justice has been a voice crying in the wilderness. Most of Birmingham has
remained silent, probably ,out of fear. In the meanwhile, our city has acquired the dubious reputation of being
the worst big city in race relations in the United States. Last fall, for a flickering moment, it appeared that sincere
community leaders from religion, business and industry discerned the inevitable Confrontation in race relations
approaching. Their Concern for the city's image and Commonweal of all its citizens did not run deep enough.
Solemn promises were made, pending a postponement of direct action, that we would be joined in a suit seeking
the relief of segregation ordinances. Some merchants agreed to desegregate their rest-rooms as a good-faith start,
some actually complying, only to retreat shortly thereafter. We hold in our hands now, broken faith and broken
promises.

We believe in the American Dream of democracy, in the Jeffersonian doctrine that "all men are created equal and
are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights, among these being life, liberty and the pursuit of
happiness."

Twice since September we have deferred our direct action thrust in order that a change in city government would
not be made in the hysteria of community crisis. We act today in full Concert with our Hebraic-Christian
tradition, the law of morality and the Constitution of our nation. The absence of justice and progress in
Birmingham demands that we make a moral witness to give our community a chance to survive. We demonstrate
our faith that we believe that The Beloved Community can come to Birmingham.

We appeal to the citizenry of Birmingham, Negro and white, to join us in this witness for decency, morality, self-
respect and human dignity. Your individual and corporate support can hasten the day of "liberty and justice for
all." This is Birmingham's moment of truth in which every citizen can play his part in her larger destiny. The
Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights, in behalf of the Negro community of Birmingham.

F. L. Shuttlesworth, President
N. H. Smith, Secretary

4/24/25, 3:47 PM Veterans of the Civil Rights Movement — Birmingham Manifesto

https://www.crmvet.org/docs/bhammanf.htm 1/2

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**## Source4.pdf**

l:iP!!IlillL MAILING .frOll):
STDllEN:l; NOUVIOLENr COORDIN1t.TING COJ.i}.ITTEE
8l Rivrnund Street, N.1~.
Atlanta 14, Oeorgia SFl:tIAL INFO!.ii-L.TION RE:
688–0331

September 16, 1963

!UWNG!{{JIJ BOM:EJINGS MID
KILLI!IOS – WF.AT YOU CAN DO –
H03IllZJi rION m· H,,PIONAL
PnES.:ilRE

Four children died in tbe dynw tin8 of the J.6th 5-t;reet Baptist Churoh in
Binnine,ham, ,..lab.uu;;i, on Sunday, September 15, 1963, and by nightfall, two other
Negr~ Y?Uthls were de.:td, one ld.lJ.ed by a city p,;1icerr,an. 'I'his is the 2.3.rd bm,bing
in E.1,t~1gham 1n a m.,tter of 111onths. Local, state and federal authorities have
y•t to solve even one of t!Jese c1·imes. The t:l.rgets of the b01J1bs have consist.en~
been the l1veo andjj,:openy ot ,,et,;t•oes.

Bil'l11ingh= is t.he only heavily industriaJ.Ued city in the South. .But the
industries of Binn~~lllll are not owned or "ontrolled by southerners. Thoy ere
br,mohes or !inns which ,•perate on a n!itionaJ. or intel•natioruu basis ar.d uhos,.
.st,oc:thald.ar11 anti diractors are among the rnost. powerful men in the United States.

. The power of these corporation heads to influence pub.lie 11.ffairs in
Bi.mingbam was clearly reve!!lHd las~ ~ay when lucal representatives o£ the
principal indust-ries ui the city fomed a cornmitte:i to nogot:.ate a settlement of
Negro grievances. 1.ccord:i.ng-to snch reliable journs.lii;ts as J.ur.es Reston o.r the
Mei, ~ ~os, tht?Se lneal indaaLr;• rl3])l'es<intativGS ac-t,cd upon instructions of
their corpora1:e super.tors, a.-id a.f'ter repe.;t.ed 1•94uests from the Presider.t an:! the

+,orne;, General, 'Ihe ~g:-ee:111:.,t reached betwe.m thil industry representotives and
"" lElllders, thouiJt i1,itially di:ievo'Wed by tha Eirrrdngharn public of.Cioials,

.1 the settlement later ac.lcnowled~ed by thcae officials.

We shall not discuss here tho adequacy or i.n.:ldequacy of the terl'lS fo~ ed
upon the Negroes, nor shr.11 we e,,rc.ne.nt uPOU the ract that the ackno-wledgemmt of
reiiponaibility by ~dU3trial hoa.is w'ls long overdue. Lcoal .ind state authorities
refuss:i to rem~dy t.'ie grie\"M\OG:l or the Nagroes snd the .l"aderal rmthoriti.es felt;
(or said they felt) impotont to do so.

We refuse to accl!pt the idea that 1 t is only the ]01,1er cb"s \1hi r,es who
det8l'fllille the course of ra-:ial rrog:-mn; !.n the ~•>ut.'tarn sl:.lte!l. Rather, it is
the sil~nce of t.he res.l lea:l'¼reldp-eo~nonio interests, lllMY of which are located
in the l.orwi-~lhich encourage3 raeinl violence and condones police brut.el:l. ty,
On the bnais of Whet "e learnei last spring, conditions can be expecte:l to reu..;in
as they .ire in Birmin~arn 'lmlas-s anrl unr."il t,he 1"".PSic-n:11,;.o IH.>::thon1 lJ''nnor~jr
leac:a~sn1p finds i:t 1)1"0ftta-ble-to exert it~.

Wo therof-,re r01uRst all friends of Justice aod supporters of StlCC t,;i
rise in prot,l!St of 'tho da;-,1orsble absenoe of re:,ponslble action on the part of
tile city and state oi'!"1ci.tls and Lhe fodei.·al government. .But especially, we
appt!al to you and ask thaL yon use ~very possibl.a meon:1 to exert p'l'!!SSure on the
corporation executives who contl·ol much of I:irmin,?.hrun • s econo11Jic and racial
'OOlicies. These industrialists, by their silencC! and inaction, are supporting
the killine of innocent children

It 111 apparent tha ~ indus ~ry has m11Ch to ga;i.n by the inaintenance of the
racial stat;ua quo, which pcirrr.i~e the eicploi tat,j,on 01'. cheap, unsl-'.illed and
disenfranchised labor. It is now time for arou~ed citizens t-0 show these corpora
tions that the name of tqeir industries and the ~a of their products is

,,:teniably linked with the plir,ht or terrorized Negroes in :liminr,harr ..
. • iinals all over the nation must shou these corporate officials that their
~~.,• has been perrnan'lntly blemished by their silent refusal to further infl11e~ce

,rn city of Bi1•r,un!')lam toward fair and equitable treatment of all citizens under
the U. S, ConstitutiOll.

"EIS IS WHt.T YOU CAN no,
Wire or write Attorney Gener,al Robert Kennedy, aeking. for strong and decisive
federal intervention.

• DemaJ)d action by the industrialists listed in the followin!': fact sheet throup,h
tel.egrams, letters and personal visits.

Petition ~od ori!>Ulu:e demonstrations or vi~s:
a) Publicize t.he role of Northern capihl in surporting segregationist

racial policies. (Denionstrate at the offices of the corporations or t,he
re,idenees of the corporation heads.)

be) :lema11d federal ectiol of strength (Dernona!,rate at federal offices or bull.dings)
) PTOtest the failure of Bi.mingham officials to apprehend those responsible

for hhe 20 sOllle boMbings of a racial ni.t.ure which have occurred. there in
the past few months.)

Elave letters published in local. nB\lspapers and national publications pointing
out the crucial role played by nort;hern induatl"ia.l interest3 in Birmin,jlam.

(over)

Pt-CT SHEET arr IIIDUSTIUJJ, IN'l'EP.ESTS IN BIR}'lNG!lAM, ALA.BJOO

The foJ.lowirt~ U.S. corparm_~ns emigoy over 35>1 of the manu.faaturing workers
of Bi=d.n~ham. _¼).&v 11:ited are ~! oltiielr meet -powerful di!'ectors.

l'tl'l'ED STATES STEEL, 71 Broadway, New York 6, N. Y.

,;J, , es H, Bell. llusiness address: Chai= and President, General Mills, Inc.,
JO \layzata Blvd,, Mirtnenpolis 26, Minn. Residence: 501 !31;\ahaway Rd., ay2.ata,

. ..nn.

JSllles .B. Black, Business addreos: Chairman and Director of Pacific GBs & Electric
Co,, 245 !'3rket St., San Francisco 6, Calif. Residence: 1100 Sacramento st.,
San Francisco 8, ca1i.1',

Harllee Branch, Jr.. Business address: President and Director, Southern Co,, lJ.30
West Peachtree Si•, N.v,., htlanta, Georgia. Residence: .3106 Nancy's Creek Rd.,
tl.vl., Atlanta, Oeorgia.

l'hilip Re!!lll Clarke, BQsiness address: 13.5 South La sails St., Chicago .3, Ill. Resi
dence: 419 South Oak st,, Hinsdale, m.

C.F. Cra~g. Residence: 335 l'.ountnin Ave., Ridgewood, Mew Jersey,

John J.., Fuller, Business address: Sha"'1nigan \•.later and Power Co., 600 Ibrchester
Blvd,, West, 11:>ntireal 2, Canada.

Henry To-.nley Heald. llu'liness address: President and Trusl,ee, Ford Foundation, 477
Hadison Avenue• Ne-H York 22, N. Y •

.:trthlU' A. Roughton. Busine-&s address: President, Steuben Glass, 715 Fifth Ave.,
New York 22, N.Y. Res.idence: .3 s-~tton Pl.ace, New York 22, N.Y.

c. Jared Ingersoll,.
,iiladel.plrl,a 2, Pa.

Business address: Chairman, ~iuskogee Co., Girard Trust Bldg,,
Residence, h'hitamarsh, Pa.

le •nder C. Nagle. Business address: Director, First National City Bank of N. Y.,
_ J Park 1.ve., New York 22, N.Y. Residence: l Oak Lane, Scarsdale, tJ.Y.

,fo;,;.,ph P. Spang, Jr. Business address: Director, GiJ.lette Co., Gillette Park,
Boston 6, Mass. Residence: 40 C'hurchill.e Lane, till.ton 66, .M..-i11s.

Enders M, Voorhees. Residence: ll East 68th Street, New Y-ork 21., N. Y.

'ienry Smith ,lingate. &lsinesa address: Chairman and Director, International. /Jickel
Co., o.f Canada, Cl'lpper au.t:f, Ontario, Canada. Reaid90oe: 520 East 86th St,,
New :Cork 28, tJ. r.

ST, REGIS P,\PJ:R, 150 East 42n~ St., !Je,.-York 17, N.Y.

William R.. !\dams. Business address: President and Director, St. Regis Paper Co.,
150 East 42nd St., tvew York 1. 7, N. Y. Residence: New Cana.an, Conn.

J, Howard taeri. Businass address: Executive Vice President, First !!ational Oity
Bank of N. Y., 399 Park ><Ve., New York 22, tl. Y. Residence: Meadowcroft .I.Elna,
Greenwich, Conn.

W. Irving Osborne, Jr. Business address: President and Director, PuJ.lman Tnc.,
200 5outh 1'.l.chiga.n Ave., Chicago 4, Ill. Residence! 349 l{ing–Muir Rd., Lake
Forest, ill,

'"!TI~MAJUET'I'-. OORl'O!V'I'ION, 35◊ Park Ave., New York 22, N,Y,

Lexander B, ll.o;yce • .Business address: Partner, Chadbourne, Parke, Wh.lteside & Wolf'<>,
25 Broa.dwa.1, New York 4, N.Y.

" ' I. srencer. Brzsiness address: Chairman, Fiduciar;r Trust Co, or l!ew York,
1 :ul St., New York 5, N.Y. Residence: Harris Road, Bedford HiJ.ls, t .Y.

George Maverick Bunder.
Corp,, 350 Park 1'.ve,,
ton 16, n.c.

Business address, President ~d Dirl"ctor, Martin-M.iriotta
Ne" York, N. Y. Residence: 4940 I,,djan lane N,11. 1 ashing-

LONE ST,'IR CEME~1'CORPORATIO?l, 100 Pa'.rk Lane, New York 17, N. Y.

Charles E. Beard. .Business addr.,au Pre,.ident nntl Direel.()t•, Brlll'.liff Airways, .Ex.
change Park, Da.llas 35, TexBS,

•

-2-

George Evans Clark. Business address: Executive !'resident, ,\.dams Eitpress Co., 48
Wall St., New York 5, N.Y. Residence: 15 Verna Hill Rd., Fair.field, Com.,

Jolin H. Mathie. Business address: Predden~ ;i.nd Di.rector, I.one Star OemE!llt Co., 100
Park Ave., New York J.7, N.Y. !lesidence: Manursing \Jay, Rye, N,Y.

Stanley De J. Osbo':'ne. Bllc:inese address: :>resident and Director, Ol in-Uathieson
Corp., 460 Park Ave., New York 22, N. Y. Residence: 1 East End Ave., New York
21, N.Y.

Ienry B. Sargent. Business ad:lress: Pr-esident anei Director, American and Foreign
Power Co., 100 C~urch St,, New York 7, N.Y. Residence: 19L5 North 5t,, Fair
field, Conn.

G?-egg Stone. Busi.."'less address: 75 Federal St., Boston 10, :zass, Residence:
. _4 l'..uwder 5t., Dedhrun, Mass.

ti .S. PIPE Fu'ID FOI.JMrntY COMPnnY, 330 F:b-st ive,, N., Birmi.nghrun, 1Uabar..a..

H. Van Brunt MoKeever.
New York 4, N, Y.

Business address: Partner, Goodbody" And Co., 2 Broadway,
Residence: Short Hills, New Jersey,

Roy W. Moore, Jr, Business acl:h-ess: Prai;ident and Director, Canada Dry Corp., 100
Park 1,ve., New York 17, N.Y. Residence: l4lll. Hillside Rd,, Fairfield, Conn.

REPUBL[G 5'l'Efil._, Republic Building, Oleveland 1 1 Ohio.

C.R. Black, Jr, Business address: Chairman and Treasurer, C.R. Blaok, Jr. Corp,,
90 John St,, New York .38, N. Y. Residence: 740 Park Ave., JJew York 21, tJ. Y,

Jlll!leB Bruce. Burirtess address: 230 Park Ave., New York, M.Y. Residence: 150 East
69th St.,, Kew York 21, M, Y.

',rthur ,illiar.i St.eudel. Bueine&B add.Ne": Chairman, ShBl"\.rin-~11 J 1J am" Co. 1 101 Pro!!
pect. ;we,, N.IJ, CJcvel.md 1, Ohio. Rerldlll'lce: 153')2 Edgewater Dr,, '.Utkewood
7, Ohio.

"'Jlomae F. Patton, Buainess address: !Teoident. and DJ.rector, Republic Steel Corp.,
RepUbllc Bldg,, Cleveland:, Ohio. Residence: 2711 Landon Rd,, Shakei• !!eights
22, Ohio.

\RB!SON~IAIKE!t P.E''RACTORIT.S, Farmers Baok Building, l'itteburgh 22, ?a,

~1 c. Crott. Bulrl.ness adireaa: Chairr.lan, Great. tlortheru l>apor Co., 522 Firth
~ve., New York 36, N.Y, Residence: 1021 !l8l'k Ave., tlew York 28, !J.Y.

tJ~'l'OO OORPORATIOO, 327 Fifth A•:e., Pittsburt,;n 22, Pa.

M,G. Hulme. Business addraos: Presidr.nt and Direct.or, Hulme, Applegate & Humphrey,
Inc., Union Tru1Jt Bldg,, P'lLtsbur&h 38, Pa,

Hl.l'l'TIC S.-.SH :.ND DOOR, 1206 S. VandovGnter ,\vo., st. Louis 10 1 Mo.

August .\, Busch. Dunness address: Chairman, President. and Director, Anhell$er-Busch,
Inc., 721 Pestalozzi st., St. Louis, )lo.

Freel. '/. Stewa:rt.. Business address: Vice President, Treasurer and llirector, lfuttig
Sash and Door, 1206 S. Vandeventer Ave., St. Louis ( o.f whioh Birmingham Sash
anr( Door is a subsidiary). Residence: Rt. 1, l.oods ;fill Rd., Manchester,
Mo,

Jamea Parker Hickok, !lusiness address: ChairmAn, Fir:st. No.tionlll 13.lnk, 510 l.Qcust
St., St, Louis l, l·!o, Resicl.ence: 1.2 Fair Ce.ks, St. Iouis 24, ~!o,

Oa.vid R, c.~lhoun. Business address, President and Director, St, Louifl Union Tri.let
Co,, 510 l,ocust. St., St. I.ouiB, Ho, Resicl.ence: 58 Kingsbury Place, St. Louis,
Mo,

UNION CARBIDE CORPORATIOH, 270 P!Lrk live., New York 17, N,Y.

Howard S. !lwm. Business address: Vice Chairman ancl. Director, Union Carbide Corp.,
270 Park ,\ve., New York 17, N.Y, Reeidence: 22 !'idwood Terrace, l!ladison, Wisc.

e s. Dial. Business addness: Chairman and Chief E:Kecutive OUice:r, Union Car
bide Corp., 270 l'll.rk Ave., New York 17, 1'.Y.

Paul ,\, Corman. BusineSII address: Ex:ecutive Vice President, ,\merican Tel, 8c Tal.,
195 Broadway, New 'fork 7, t-;.Y. Residence: 272 Fairmowit Ave,, Chatham, N,J,

-3-

Wllliar.i S. Gr-ay, Business address: Hllnu.fllcturers Hanover Trust Co., 350 Park Ave.,
New York 22, N, Y. Residence: 351 Erskine Rd., Stamford, Conn.

Kenneth R. Hannan,
Carbide Corp.,
eanaan, Conn.

Business address: Eirecutive Vice President and Director, Union
270 Park .Ave., New York 17, N.Y. Residence: canoe Rill Rd., New

J. Victor Herd. Business address: Chairman, Continental Insurance Co., 80 Maiden
Lane, Ne1,1 York, N. Y. Residence: 2 ~lontngue Terrace, Brooklyn, N. Y.

George H. Love. Business addrMS: Chairman, Consolidation Coal Co., P:Oppers Bldg.,
Plttsburgh, Pa. Residence: 5920 Braeburn Place, Pittsburgh 32, Pa.

c.i.my Nason, Business address: President and Director, Union C!l:rbide Corp,, 270
''-rk l.ve., New York J.7, N.Y. Residence: 12 Pryer lilne, Larchmont, N.Y.

:'ameth Rush, B>Jsineas address, Executive Vice President e.nd Director, Union C.,U-bide
Corporation, 270 Park Ave., New York 17, N. Y. Residence: N. JY'..o.nursing Island,
Rye, N.Y.

SOURCES OF INFORMATIO!!_

l Infornation olltsined from INDUSTRIAL ALABAMA a publication of the
Alabama Cham':>er of Commerce; ar:d the U:s.-Cii!llsus, Soci~ and Economic Character
istics of l\l.Abrun:l, 1960.

2. In!o…""!Mtion ns supplied b;/ the corporations to lloody 1s Investors•
Service £or publication 'l.n ~roog;,1s Industrial Manna), 1962.

'.3. Information as supplied by the companies to Stalldard and Poor•s
Investors• Service £or publication in Standard and Poor 1s Director., of Direc-
tors- l 962. —

For £urther infonnation call:

Student Nonviolent Coordinating (;Qmm±+ tee
8½ Raymond Str"et, N. l!.
Atlanta 14, Georgia
Aren Code 404 688-0J'.31

,

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**Source3.pdf**

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**Source3.pdf**

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**## InstructionsHere.docx**

Use the 5 Sources attached to Write a 2 page reflective essay that explores the following questions. You must cite (using footnotes or endnotes) if you directly quote any sources.

Please only use the sources attached.

1. What did looking at all of these sources, in addition to the overview, teach you about the events in Birmingham in 1963?

2. How does what you learned from these sources compare to what your textbook said about the events? What does this tell you about how textbooks have to condense information?

3. How was your understanding of the events in Birmingham in 1963 enhanced by reading primary sources, rather than just reading the overview alone?

4. Why is reading multiple primary sources surrounding an event important to understanding it?

100% NO PLAGIARISM!!!!

**## Source1.pdf**

Civil Rights Movement Archive
Example Segregation Laws

Birmingham Public Accomodation Segregation Laws

Montgomery Bus Segregation Laws

Throughout the South, states, counties, and municipalities had a bewildering array of inconsistent segregation
laws mandating the separation of the races. Tens of thousands of men, women, girls, and boys — most of them
Black, some white — were arrested during the Freedom Movement for violating these dehumanizing laws. The
few examples below are typical of the southern segregation laws that were eventually over-turned by Federal
court rulings the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

Birmingham Public Accomodation Segregation Laws

SECTION 359. SEPARATION OF RACES
It shall be unlawful for any person in charge or control of any room, hall, theater,
picture house, auditorium, yard, court, ballpark, public park, or other indoor or outdoor
place, to which both white persons and Negroes are admitted, to cause, permit or allow
herein or thereon any theatrical performance, picture exhibition, speech or educational or
entertainment program of any kind whatsoever, unless such room, hall, theater, picture
house, auditorium, yard, court, ball park, or other place, has entrances, exits, and
seating or standing sections set aside for and assigned to the use of Negroes, unless the
entrances, exits and seating or standing sections set aside for and assigned to the use of
white persons are distinctly separated from those set aside for and assigned to the use of
Negroes, by well defined physical barriers, and unless the members of each race are
affectively restricted and confined to the sections set aside for and assigned to the use
of such race.

SECTION 369. SEPARATION OF RACES
It shall be unlawful to conduct a restaurant or other place of the serving of food in the
city at which white and colored people are served in the same room, unless such white and
colored persons are effectually separated by a solid partition extending from the floor
upward to a distance of seven feet or higher, and unless a separate entrance from the
street is provided for each compartment.

SECTION 597. NEGROES AND WHITE PERSONS NOT TO PLAY TOGETHER.
It shall be unlawful for a Negro and a white person to play together or in company with
each other in any game of cards, dice, dominoes or checkers. Any person, who being the
owner, proprietor or keeper or superintendent, of any tavern, inn, restaurant, or other
public house or public place, or the clerk, servant or employee or such owner, proprietor,
keeper or superintendent, knowingly permits a Negro and a white person to play together or
in company with each other at any game with cards, dice, dominoes or checkers in his house
or on his premises shall, on conviction, be punished as provided in Section 4.

Montgomery Bus Segregation Laws

SECTION 10. SEPARATION OF RACES—REQUIRED
Every person operating a bus line in the city shall provide equal but separate
accommodations for white people and negroes on his buses, by requiring the employees in
charge thereof to assign passengers seats on the vehicles under their charge in such
manner as to separate the white people from the negroes, where there are both white an
negroes on the same car; provided, however, that negro nurses having in charge white
children or sick or infirm white persons, may be assigned seats among white people. (Code
1938 : 603.)

SECTION 11. POWERS OF PERSONS IN CHARGE OF VEHICLE.
Any employee in charge of a bus operated in the city shall have the powers of a police

4/24/25, 3:46 PM Veterans of the Civil Rights Movement — Example Segregation Laws

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[https://www.crmvet.org/tim/tim64c.htm#1964cra64](https://www.crmvet.org/tim/tim64c.htm#1964cra64)

office of the city while in actual charge of any bus, for the purpose of carrying out the
provisions of the preceding section, and it shall be unlawful for any passenger to refuse
or fail to take a seat among those assigned to the race to which he belongs, at the
request of any such employee in charge, if there is a seat vacant. (Code 1938 : 604.)

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**## Source2.pdf**

Birmingham Manifesto
April 3, 1963

[The direct-action phase of the Birmingham Campaign commenced on April 3, 1963 when ACMHR issued the Manifesto below and more than 60
protesters trained and led by SCLC staff began sitting in at downtown lunch counters. At a time when Blacks who defied the status quo faced
arrests on trumped up charges, beatings, bombings, and shootings, it took enormous courage for Shuttlesworth and Smith to sign this public
declaration of resistance to the established order. ]

The patience of an oppressed people cannot endure forever. The Negro citizens of Birmingham for the last
several years have hoped in vain for some evidence of good faith resolution of our just grievances.

Birmingham is part of the United States and we are bona fide citizens. Yet the history of Birmingham reveals
that very little of the democratic process touches the life of the Negro in Birmingham. We have been segregated
racially, exploited economically, and dominated politically. Under the leadership of the Alabama Christian
Movement for Human Rights, we sought relief by petition for the repeal of city ordinances requiring segregation
and the institution of a merit hiring policy in city employment. We were rebuffed. We then turned to the system
of the courts. We weathered set-back after set-back, with all of its costliness, finally winning the terminal, bus,
parks and airport cases. The bus decision has been implemented a begrudgingly and the parks decision prompted
the closing of all municipally-owned recreational facilities with the exception of the zoo and Legion Field. The
airport case has been a slightly better experience with the experience of hotel accommodations and the subtle
discrimination that continues in the limousine service.

We have always been a peaceful people, bearing our oppression with super-human effort. Yet we have been the
victims of repeated violence, not only that inflicted by the hoodlum element but also that inflicted by the blatant
misuse of police power. Our memories are seared with painful mob experience of Mother's Day 1961 during the
Freedom Rides. For years, while our homes and churches were being bombed, we heard nothing but the rantings
and ravings of racist city officials.

The Negro protest for equality and justice has been a voice crying in the wilderness. Most of Birmingham has
remained silent, probably ,out of fear. In the meanwhile, our city has acquired the dubious reputation of being
the worst big city in race relations in the United States. Last fall, for a flickering moment, it appeared that sincere
community leaders from religion, business and industry discerned the inevitable Confrontation in race relations
approaching. Their Concern for the city's image and Commonweal of all its citizens did not run deep enough.
Solemn promises were made, pending a postponement of direct action, that we would be joined in a suit seeking
the relief of segregation ordinances. Some merchants agreed to desegregate their rest-rooms as a good-faith start,
some actually complying, only to retreat shortly thereafter. We hold in our hands now, broken faith and broken
promises.

We believe in the American Dream of democracy, in the Jeffersonian doctrine that "all men are created equal and
are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights, among these being life, liberty and the pursuit of
happiness."

Twice since September we have deferred our direct action thrust in order that a change in city government would
not be made in the hysteria of community crisis. We act today in full Concert with our Hebraic-Christian
tradition, the law of morality and the Constitution of our nation. The absence of justice and progress in
Birmingham demands that we make a moral witness to give our community a chance to survive. We demonstrate
our faith that we believe that The Beloved Community can come to Birmingham.

We appeal to the citizenry of Birmingham, Negro and white, to join us in this witness for decency, morality, self-
respect and human dignity. Your individual and corporate support can hasten the day of "liberty and justice for
all." This is Birmingham's moment of truth in which every citizen can play his part in her larger destiny. The
Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights, in behalf of the Negro community of Birmingham.

F. L. Shuttlesworth, President
N. H. Smith, Secretary

4/24/25, 3:47 PM Veterans of the Civil Rights Movement — Birmingham Manifesto

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**## Source4.pdf**

l:iP!!IlillL MAILING .frOll):
STDllEN:l; NOUVIOLENr COORDIN1t.TING COJ.i}.ITTEE
8l Rivrnund Street, N.1~.
Atlanta 14, Oeorgia SFl:tIAL INFO!.ii-L.TION RE:
688–0331

September 16, 1963

!UWNG!{{JIJ BOM:EJINGS MID
KILLI!IOS – WF.AT YOU CAN DO –
H03IllZJi rION m· H,,PIONAL
PnES.:ilRE

Four children died in tbe dynw tin8 of the J.6th 5-t;reet Baptist Churoh in
Binnine,ham, ,..lab.uu;;i, on Sunday, September 15, 1963, and by nightfall, two other
Negr~ Y?Uthls were de.:td, one ld.lJ.ed by a city p,;1icerr,an. 'I'his is the 2.3.rd bm,bing
in E.1,t~1gham 1n a m.,tter of 111onths. Local, state and federal authorities have
y•t to solve even one of t!Jese c1·imes. The t:l.rgets of the b01J1bs have consist.en~
been the l1veo andjj,:openy ot ,,et,;t•oes.

Bil'l11ingh= is t.he only heavily industriaJ.Ued city in the South. .But the
industries of Binn~~lllll are not owned or "ontrolled by southerners. Thoy ere
br,mohes or !inns which ,•perate on a n!itionaJ. or intel•natioruu basis ar.d uhos,.
.st,oc:thald.ar11 anti diractors are among the rnost. powerful men in the United States.

. The power of these corporation heads to influence pub.lie 11.ffairs in
Bi.mingbam was clearly reve!!lHd las~ ~ay when lucal representatives o£ the
principal indust-ries ui the city fomed a cornmitte:i to nogot:.ate a settlement of
Negro grievances. 1.ccord:i.ng-to snch reliable journs.lii;ts as J.ur.es Reston o.r the
Mei, ~ ~os, tht?Se lneal indaaLr;• rl3])l'es<intativGS ac-t,cd upon instructions of
their corpora1:e super.tors, a.-id a.f'ter repe.;t.ed 1•94uests from the Presider.t an:! the

+,orne;, General, 'Ihe ~g:-ee:111:.,t reached betwe.m thil industry representotives and
"" lElllders, thouiJt i1,itially di:ievo'Wed by tha Eirrrdngharn public of.Cioials,

.1 the settlement later ac.lcnowled~ed by thcae officials.

We shall not discuss here tho adequacy or i.n.:ldequacy of the terl'lS fo~ ed
upon the Negroes, nor shr.11 we e,,rc.ne.nt uPOU the ract that the ackno-wledgemmt of
reiiponaibility by ~dU3trial hoa.is w'ls long overdue. Lcoal .ind state authorities
refuss:i to rem~dy t.'ie grie\"M\OG:l or the Nagroes snd the .l"aderal rmthoriti.es felt;
(or said they felt) impotont to do so.

We refuse to accl!pt the idea that 1 t is only the ]01,1er cb"s \1hi r,es who
det8l'fllille the course of ra-:ial rrog:-mn; !.n the ~•>ut.'tarn sl:.lte!l. Rather, it is
the sil~nce of t.he res.l lea:l'¼reldp-eo~nonio interests, lllMY of which are located
in the l.orwi-~lhich encourage3 raeinl violence and condones police brut.el:l. ty,
On the bnais of Whet "e learnei last spring, conditions can be expecte:l to reu..;in
as they .ire in Birmin~arn 'lmlas-s anrl unr."il t,he 1"".PSic-n:11,;.o IH.>::thon1 lJ''nnor~jr
leac:a~sn1p finds i:t 1)1"0ftta-ble-to exert it~.

Wo therof-,re r01uRst all friends of Justice aod supporters of StlCC t,;i
rise in prot,l!St of 'tho da;-,1orsble absenoe of re:,ponslble action on the part of
tile city and state oi'!"1ci.tls and Lhe fodei.·al government. .But especially, we
appt!al to you and ask thaL yon use ~very possibl.a meon:1 to exert p'l'!!SSure on the
corporation executives who contl·ol much of I:irmin,?.hrun • s econo11Jic and racial
'OOlicies. These industrialists, by their silencC! and inaction, are supporting
the killine of innocent children

It 111 apparent tha ~ indus ~ry has m11Ch to ga;i.n by the inaintenance of the
racial stat;ua quo, which pcirrr.i~e the eicploi tat,j,on 01'. cheap, unsl-'.illed and
disenfranchised labor. It is now time for arou~ed citizens t-0 show these corpora
tions that the name of tqeir industries and the ~a of their products is

,,:teniably linked with the plir,ht or terrorized Negroes in :liminr,harr ..
. • iinals all over the nation must shou these corporate officials that their
~~.,• has been perrnan'lntly blemished by their silent refusal to further infl11e~ce

,rn city of Bi1•r,un!')lam toward fair and equitable treatment of all citizens under
the U. S, ConstitutiOll.

"EIS IS WHt.T YOU CAN no,
Wire or write Attorney Gener,al Robert Kennedy, aeking. for strong and decisive
federal intervention.

• DemaJ)d action by the industrialists listed in the followin!': fact sheet throup,h
tel.egrams, letters and personal visits.

Petition ~od ori!>Ulu:e demonstrations or vi~s:
a) Publicize t.he role of Northern capihl in surporting segregationist

racial policies. (Denionstrate at the offices of the corporations or t,he
re,idenees of the corporation heads.)

be) :lema11d federal ectiol of strength (Dernona!,rate at federal offices or bull.dings)
) PTOtest the failure of Bi.mingham officials to apprehend those responsible

for hhe 20 sOllle boMbings of a racial ni.t.ure which have occurred. there in
the past few months.)

Elave letters published in local. nB\lspapers and national publications pointing
out the crucial role played by nort;hern induatl"ia.l interest3 in Birmin,jlam.

(over)

Pt-CT SHEET arr IIIDUSTIUJJ, IN'l'EP.ESTS IN BIR}'lNG!lAM, ALA.BJOO

The foJ.lowirt~ U.S. corparm_~ns emigoy over 35>1 of the manu.faaturing workers
of Bi=d.n~ham. _¼).&v 11:ited are ~! oltiielr meet -powerful di!'ectors.

l'tl'l'ED STATES STEEL, 71 Broadway, New York 6, N. Y.

,;J, , es H, Bell. llusiness address: Chai= and President, General Mills, Inc.,
JO \layzata Blvd,, Mirtnenpolis 26, Minn. Residence: 501 !31;\ahaway Rd., ay2.ata,

. ..nn.

JSllles .B. Black, Business addreos: Chairman and Director of Pacific GBs & Electric
Co,, 245 !'3rket St., San Francisco 6, Calif. Residence: 1100 Sacramento st.,
San Francisco 8, ca1i.1',

Harllee Branch, Jr.. Business address: President and Director, Southern Co,, lJ.30
West Peachtree Si•, N.v,., htlanta, Georgia. Residence: .3106 Nancy's Creek Rd.,
tl.vl., Atlanta, Oeorgia.

l'hilip Re!!lll Clarke, BQsiness address: 13.5 South La sails St., Chicago .3, Ill. Resi
dence: 419 South Oak st,, Hinsdale, m.

C.F. Cra~g. Residence: 335 l'.ountnin Ave., Ridgewood, Mew Jersey,

John J.., Fuller, Business address: Sha"'1nigan \•.later and Power Co., 600 Ibrchester
Blvd,, West, 11:>ntireal 2, Canada.

Henry To-.nley Heald. llu'liness address: President and Trusl,ee, Ford Foundation, 477
Hadison Avenue• Ne-H York 22, N. Y •

.:trthlU' A. Roughton. Busine-&s address: President, Steuben Glass, 715 Fifth Ave.,
New York 22, N.Y. Res.idence: .3 s-~tton Pl.ace, New York 22, N.Y.

c. Jared Ingersoll,.
,iiladel.plrl,a 2, Pa.

Business address: Chairman, ~iuskogee Co., Girard Trust Bldg,,
Residence, h'hitamarsh, Pa.

le •nder C. Nagle. Business address: Director, First National City Bank of N. Y.,
_ J Park 1.ve., New York 22, N.Y. Residence: l Oak Lane, Scarsdale, tJ.Y.

,fo;,;.,ph P. Spang, Jr. Business address: Director, GiJ.lette Co., Gillette Park,
Boston 6, Mass. Residence: 40 C'hurchill.e Lane, till.ton 66, .M..-i11s.

Enders M, Voorhees. Residence: ll East 68th Street, New Y-ork 21., N. Y.

'ienry Smith ,lingate. &lsinesa address: Chairman and Director, International. /Jickel
Co., o.f Canada, Cl'lpper au.t:f, Ontario, Canada. Reaid90oe: 520 East 86th St,,
New :Cork 28, tJ. r.

ST, REGIS P,\PJ:R, 150 East 42n~ St., !Je,.-York 17, N.Y.

William R.. !\dams. Business address: President and Director, St. Regis Paper Co.,
150 East 42nd St., tvew York 1. 7, N. Y. Residence: New Cana.an, Conn.

J, Howard taeri. Businass address: Executive Vice President, First !!ational Oity
Bank of N. Y., 399 Park ><Ve., New York 22, tl. Y. Residence: Meadowcroft .I.Elna,
Greenwich, Conn.

W. Irving Osborne, Jr. Business address: President and Director, PuJ.lman Tnc.,
200 5outh 1'.l.chiga.n Ave., Chicago 4, Ill. Residence! 349 l{ing–Muir Rd., Lake
Forest, ill,

'"!TI~MAJUET'I'-. OORl'O!V'I'ION, 35◊ Park Ave., New York 22, N,Y,

Lexander B, ll.o;yce • .Business address: Partner, Chadbourne, Parke, Wh.lteside & Wolf'<>,
25 Broa.dwa.1, New York 4, N.Y.

" ' I. srencer. Brzsiness address: Chairman, Fiduciar;r Trust Co, or l!ew York,
1 :ul St., New York 5, N.Y. Residence: Harris Road, Bedford HiJ.ls, t .Y.

George Maverick Bunder.
Corp,, 350 Park 1'.ve,,
ton 16, n.c.

Business address, President ~d Dirl"ctor, Martin-M.iriotta
Ne" York, N. Y. Residence: 4940 I,,djan lane N,11. 1 ashing-

LONE ST,'IR CEME~1'CORPORATIO?l, 100 Pa'.rk Lane, New York 17, N. Y.

Charles E. Beard. .Business addr.,au Pre,.ident nntl Direel.()t•, Brlll'.liff Airways, .Ex.
change Park, Da.llas 35, TexBS,

•

-2-

George Evans Clark. Business address: Executive !'resident, ,\.dams Eitpress Co., 48
Wall St., New York 5, N.Y. Residence: 15 Verna Hill Rd., Fair.field, Com.,

Jolin H. Mathie. Business address: Predden~ ;i.nd Di.rector, I.one Star OemE!llt Co., 100
Park Ave., New York J.7, N.Y. !lesidence: Manursing \Jay, Rye, N,Y.

Stanley De J. Osbo':'ne. Bllc:inese address: :>resident and Director, Ol in-Uathieson
Corp., 460 Park Ave., New York 22, N. Y. Residence: 1 East End Ave., New York
21, N.Y.

Ienry B. Sargent. Business ad:lress: Pr-esident anei Director, American and Foreign
Power Co., 100 C~urch St,, New York 7, N.Y. Residence: 19L5 North 5t,, Fair
field, Conn.

G?-egg Stone. Busi.."'less address: 75 Federal St., Boston 10, :zass, Residence:
. _4 l'..uwder 5t., Dedhrun, Mass.

ti .S. PIPE Fu'ID FOI.JMrntY COMPnnY, 330 F:b-st ive,, N., Birmi.nghrun, 1Uabar..a..

H. Van Brunt MoKeever.
New York 4, N, Y.

Business address: Partner, Goodbody" And Co., 2 Broadway,
Residence: Short Hills, New Jersey,

Roy W. Moore, Jr, Business acl:h-ess: Prai;ident and Director, Canada Dry Corp., 100
Park 1,ve., New York 17, N.Y. Residence: l4lll. Hillside Rd,, Fairfield, Conn.

REPUBL[G 5'l'Efil._, Republic Building, Oleveland 1 1 Ohio.

C.R. Black, Jr, Business address: Chairman and Treasurer, C.R. Blaok, Jr. Corp,,
90 John St,, New York .38, N. Y. Residence: 740 Park Ave., JJew York 21, tJ. Y,

Jlll!leB Bruce. Burirtess address: 230 Park Ave., New York, M.Y. Residence: 150 East
69th St.,, Kew York 21, M, Y.

',rthur ,illiar.i St.eudel. Bueine&B add.Ne": Chairman, ShBl"\.rin-~11 J 1J am" Co. 1 101 Pro!!
pect. ;we,, N.IJ, CJcvel.md 1, Ohio. Rerldlll'lce: 153')2 Edgewater Dr,, '.Utkewood
7, Ohio.

"'Jlomae F. Patton, Buainess address: !Teoident. and DJ.rector, Republic Steel Corp.,
RepUbllc Bldg,, Cleveland:, Ohio. Residence: 2711 Landon Rd,, Shakei• !!eights
22, Ohio.

\RB!SON~IAIKE!t P.E''RACTORIT.S, Farmers Baok Building, l'itteburgh 22, ?a,

~1 c. Crott. Bulrl.ness adireaa: Chairr.lan, Great. tlortheru l>apor Co., 522 Firth
~ve., New York 36, N.Y, Residence: 1021 !l8l'k Ave., tlew York 28, !J.Y.

tJ~'l'OO OORPORATIOO, 327 Fifth A•:e., Pittsburt,;n 22, Pa.

M,G. Hulme. Business addraos: Presidr.nt and Direct.or, Hulme, Applegate & Humphrey,
Inc., Union Tru1Jt Bldg,, P'lLtsbur&h 38, Pa,

Hl.l'l'TIC S.-.SH :.ND DOOR, 1206 S. VandovGnter ,\vo., st. Louis 10 1 Mo.

August .\, Busch. Dunness address: Chairman, President. and Director, Anhell$er-Busch,
Inc., 721 Pestalozzi st., St. Louis, )lo.

Freel. '/. Stewa:rt.. Business address: Vice President, Treasurer and llirector, lfuttig
Sash and Door, 1206 S. Vandeventer Ave., St. Louis ( o.f whioh Birmingham Sash
anr( Door is a subsidiary). Residence: Rt. 1, l.oods ;fill Rd., Manchester,
Mo,

Jamea Parker Hickok, !lusiness address: ChairmAn, Fir:st. No.tionlll 13.lnk, 510 l.Qcust
St., St, Louis l, l·!o, Resicl.ence: 1.2 Fair Ce.ks, St. Iouis 24, ~!o,

Oa.vid R, c.~lhoun. Business address, President and Director, St, Louifl Union Tri.let
Co,, 510 l,ocust. St., St. I.ouiB, Ho, Resicl.ence: 58 Kingsbury Place, St. Louis,
Mo,

UNION CARBIDE CORPORATIOH, 270 P!Lrk live., New York 17, N,Y.

Howard S. !lwm. Business address: Vice Chairman ancl. Director, Union Carbide Corp.,
270 Park ,\ve., New York 17, N.Y, Reeidence: 22 !'idwood Terrace, l!ladison, Wisc.

e s. Dial. Business addness: Chairman and Chief E:Kecutive OUice:r, Union Car
bide Corp., 270 l'll.rk Ave., New York 17, 1'.Y.

Paul ,\, Corman. BusineSII address: Ex:ecutive Vice President, ,\merican Tel, 8c Tal.,
195 Broadway, New 'fork 7, t-;.Y. Residence: 272 Fairmowit Ave,, Chatham, N,J,

-3-

Wllliar.i S. Gr-ay, Business address: Hllnu.fllcturers Hanover Trust Co., 350 Park Ave.,
New York 22, N, Y. Residence: 351 Erskine Rd., Stamford, Conn.

Kenneth R. Hannan,
Carbide Corp.,
eanaan, Conn.

Business address: Eirecutive Vice President and Director, Union
270 Park .Ave., New York 17, N.Y. Residence: canoe Rill Rd., New

J. Victor Herd. Business address: Chairman, Continental Insurance Co., 80 Maiden
Lane, Ne1,1 York, N. Y. Residence: 2 ~lontngue Terrace, Brooklyn, N. Y.

George H. Love. Business addrMS: Chairman, Consolidation Coal Co., P:Oppers Bldg.,
Plttsburgh, Pa. Residence: 5920 Braeburn Place, Pittsburgh 32, Pa.

c.i.my Nason, Business address: President and Director, Union C!l:rbide Corp,, 270
''-rk l.ve., New York J.7, N.Y. Residence: 12 Pryer lilne, Larchmont, N.Y.

:'ameth Rush, B>Jsineas address, Executive Vice President e.nd Director, Union C.,U-bide
Corporation, 270 Park Ave., New York 17, N. Y. Residence: N. JY'..o.nursing Island,
Rye, N.Y.

SOURCES OF INFORMATIO!!_

l Infornation olltsined from INDUSTRIAL ALABAMA a publication of the
Alabama Cham':>er of Commerce; ar:d the U:s.-Cii!llsus, Soci~ and Economic Character
istics of l\l.Abrun:l, 1960.

2. In!o…""!Mtion ns supplied b;/ the corporations to lloody 1s Investors•
Service £or publication 'l.n ~roog;,1s Industrial Manna), 1962.

'.3. Information as supplied by the companies to Stalldard and Poor•s
Investors• Service £or publication in Standard and Poor 1s Director., of Direc-
tors- l 962. —

For £urther infonnation call:

Student Nonviolent Coordinating (;Qmm±+ tee
8½ Raymond Str"et, N. l!.
Atlanta 14, Georgia
Aren Code 404 688-0J'.31

,

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**Source3.pdf**

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**## InstructionsHere.docx**

Use the 5 Sources attached to Write a 2 page reflective essay that explores the following questions. You must cite (using footnotes or endnotes) if you directly quote any sources.

Please only use the sources attached.

1. What did looking at all of these sources, in addition to the overview, teach you about the events in Birmingham in 1963?

2. How does what you learned from these sources compare to what your textbook said about the events? What does this tell you about how textbooks have to condense information?

3. How was your understanding of the events in Birmingham in 1963 enhanced by reading primary sources, rather than just reading the overview alone?

4. Why is reading multiple primary sources surrounding an event important to understanding it?

100% NO PLAGIARISM!!!!

**## Source1.pdf**

Civil Rights Movement Archive
Example Segregation Laws

Birmingham Public Accomodation Segregation Laws

Montgomery Bus Segregation Laws

Throughout the South, states, counties, and municipalities had a bewildering array of inconsistent segregation
laws mandating the separation of the races. Tens of thousands of men, women, girls, and boys — most of them
Black, some white — were arrested during the Freedom Movement for violating these dehumanizing laws. The
few examples below are typical of the southern segregation laws that were eventually over-turned by Federal
court rulings the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

Birmingham Public Accomodation Segregation Laws

SECTION 359. SEPARATION OF RACES
It shall be unlawful for any person in charge or control of any room, hall, theater,
picture house, auditorium, yard, court, ballpark, public park, or other indoor or outdoor
place, to which both white persons and Negroes are admitted, to cause, permit or allow
herein or thereon any theatrical performance, picture exhibition, speech or educational or
entertainment program of any kind whatsoever, unless such room, hall, theater, picture
house, auditorium, yard, court, ball park, or other place, has entrances, exits, and
seating or standing sections set aside for and assigned to the use of Negroes, unless the
entrances, exits and seating or standing sections set aside for and assigned to the use of
white persons are distinctly separated from those set aside for and assigned to the use of
Negroes, by well defined physical barriers, and unless the members of each race are
affectively restricted and confined to the sections set aside for and assigned to the use
of such race.

SECTION 369. SEPARATION OF RACES
It shall be unlawful to conduct a restaurant or other place of the serving of food in the
city at which white and colored people are served in the same room, unless such white and
colored persons are effectually separated by a solid partition extending from the floor
upward to a distance of seven feet or higher, and unless a separate entrance from the
street is provided for each compartment.

SECTION 597. NEGROES AND WHITE PERSONS NOT TO PLAY TOGETHER.
It shall be unlawful for a Negro and a white person to play together or in company with
each other in any game of cards, dice, dominoes or checkers. Any person, who being the
owner, proprietor or keeper or superintendent, of any tavern, inn, restaurant, or other
public house or public place, or the clerk, servant or employee or such owner, proprietor,
keeper or superintendent, knowingly permits a Negro and a white person to play together or
in company with each other at any game with cards, dice, dominoes or checkers in his house
or on his premises shall, on conviction, be punished as provided in Section 4.

Montgomery Bus Segregation Laws

SECTION 10. SEPARATION OF RACES—REQUIRED
Every person operating a bus line in the city shall provide equal but separate
accommodations for white people and negroes on his buses, by requiring the employees in
charge thereof to assign passengers seats on the vehicles under their charge in such
manner as to separate the white people from the negroes, where there are both white an
negroes on the same car; provided, however, that negro nurses having in charge white
children or sick or infirm white persons, may be assigned seats among white people. (Code
1938 : 603.)

SECTION 11. POWERS OF PERSONS IN CHARGE OF VEHICLE.
Any employee in charge of a bus operated in the city shall have the powers of a police

4/24/25, 3:46 PM Veterans of the Civil Rights Movement — Example Segregation Laws

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[https://www.crmvet.org/tim/tim64c.htm#1964cra64](https://www.crmvet.org/tim/tim64c.htm#1964cra64)

office of the city while in actual charge of any bus, for the purpose of carrying out the
provisions of the preceding section, and it shall be unlawful for any passenger to refuse
or fail to take a seat among those assigned to the race to which he belongs, at the
request of any such employee in charge, if there is a seat vacant. (Code 1938 : 604.)

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**## Source2.pdf**

Birmingham Manifesto
April 3, 1963

[The direct-action phase of the Birmingham Campaign commenced on April 3, 1963 when ACMHR issued the Manifesto below and more than 60
protesters trained and led by SCLC staff began sitting in at downtown lunch counters. At a time when Blacks who defied the status quo faced
arrests on trumped up charges, beatings, bombings, and shootings, it took enormous courage for Shuttlesworth and Smith to sign this public
declaration of resistance to the established order. ]

The patience of an oppressed people cannot endure forever. The Negro citizens of Birmingham for the last
several years have hoped in vain for some evidence of good faith resolution of our just grievances.

Birmingham is part of the United States and we are bona fide citizens. Yet the history of Birmingham reveals
that very little of the democratic process touches the life of the Negro in Birmingham. We have been segregated
racially, exploited economically, and dominated politically. Under the leadership of the Alabama Christian
Movement for Human Rights, we sought relief by petition for the repeal of city ordinances requiring segregation
and the institution of a merit hiring policy in city employment. We were rebuffed. We then turned to the system
of the courts. We weathered set-back after set-back, with all of its costliness, finally winning the terminal, bus,
parks and airport cases. The bus decision has been implemented a begrudgingly and the parks decision prompted
the closing of all municipally-owned recreational facilities with the exception of the zoo and Legion Field. The
airport case has been a slightly better experience with the experience of hotel accommodations and the subtle
discrimination that continues in the limousine service.

We have always been a peaceful people, bearing our oppression with super-human effort. Yet we have been the
victims of repeated violence, not only that inflicted by the hoodlum element but also that inflicted by the blatant
misuse of police power. Our memories are seared with painful mob experience of Mother's Day 1961 during the
Freedom Rides. For years, while our homes and churches were being bombed, we heard nothing but the rantings
and ravings of racist city officials.

The Negro protest for equality and justice has been a voice crying in the wilderness. Most of Birmingham has
remained silent, probably ,out of fear. In the meanwhile, our city has acquired the dubious reputation of being
the worst big city in race relations in the United States. Last fall, for a flickering moment, it appeared that sincere
community leaders from religion, business and industry discerned the inevitable Confrontation in race relations
approaching. Their Concern for the city's image and Commonweal of all its citizens did not run deep enough.
Solemn promises were made, pending a postponement of direct action, that we would be joined in a suit seeking
the relief of segregation ordinances. Some merchants agreed to desegregate their rest-rooms as a good-faith start,
some actually complying, only to retreat shortly thereafter. We hold in our hands now, broken faith and broken
promises.

We believe in the American Dream of democracy, in the Jeffersonian doctrine that "all men are created equal and
are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights, among these being life, liberty and the pursuit of
happiness."

Twice since September we have deferred our direct action thrust in order that a change in city government would
not be made in the hysteria of community crisis. We act today in full Concert with our Hebraic-Christian
tradition, the law of morality and the Constitution of our nation. The absence of justice and progress in
Birmingham demands that we make a moral witness to give our community a chance to survive. We demonstrate
our faith that we believe that The Beloved Community can come to Birmingham.

We appeal to the citizenry of Birmingham, Negro and white, to join us in this witness for decency, morality, self-
respect and human dignity. Your individual and corporate support can hasten the day of "liberty and justice for
all." This is Birmingham's moment of truth in which every citizen can play his part in her larger destiny. The
Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights, in behalf of the Negro community of Birmingham.

F. L. Shuttlesworth, President
N. H. Smith, Secretary

4/24/25, 3:47 PM Veterans of the Civil Rights Movement — Birmingham Manifesto

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**## Source4.pdf**

l:iP!!IlillL MAILING .frOll):
STDllEN:l; NOUVIOLENr COORDIN1t.TING COJ.i}.ITTEE
8l Rivrnund Street, N.1~.
Atlanta 14, Oeorgia SFl:tIAL INFO!.ii-L.TION RE:
688–0331

September 16, 1963

!UWNG!{{JIJ BOM:EJINGS MID
KILLI!IOS – WF.AT YOU CAN DO –
H03IllZJi rION m· H,,PIONAL
PnES.:ilRE

Four children died in tbe dynw tin8 of the J.6th 5-t;reet Baptist Churoh in
Binnine,ham, ,..lab.uu;;i, on Sunday, September 15, 1963, and by nightfall, two other
Negr~ Y?Uthls were de.:td, one ld.lJ.ed by a city p,;1icerr,an. 'I'his is the 2.3.rd bm,bing
in E.1,t~1gham 1n a m.,tter of 111onths. Local, state and federal authorities have
y•t to solve even one of t!Jese c1·imes. The t:l.rgets of the b01J1bs have consist.en~
been the l1veo andjj,:openy ot ,,et,;t•oes.

Bil'l11ingh= is t.he only heavily industriaJ.Ued city in the South. .But the
industries of Binn~~lllll are not owned or "ontrolled by southerners. Thoy ere
br,mohes or !inns which ,•perate on a n!itionaJ. or intel•natioruu basis ar.d uhos,.
.st,oc:thald.ar11 anti diractors are among the rnost. powerful men in the United States.

. The power of these corporation heads to influence pub.lie 11.ffairs in
Bi.mingbam was clearly reve!!lHd las~ ~ay when lucal representatives o£ the
principal indust-ries ui the city fomed a cornmitte:i to nogot:.ate a settlement of
Negro grievances. 1.ccord:i.ng-to snch reliable journs.lii;ts as J.ur.es Reston o.r the
Mei, ~ ~os, tht?Se lneal indaaLr;• rl3])l'es<intativGS ac-t,cd upon instructions of
their corpora1:e super.tors, a.-id a.f'ter repe.;t.ed 1•94uests from the Presider.t an:! the

+,orne;, General, 'Ihe ~g:-ee:111:.,t reached betwe.m thil industry representotives and
"" lElllders, thouiJt i1,itially di:ievo'Wed by tha Eirrrdngharn public of.Cioials,

.1 the settlement later ac.lcnowled~ed by thcae officials.

We shall not discuss here tho adequacy or i.n.:ldequacy of the terl'lS fo~ ed
upon the Negroes, nor shr.11 we e,,rc.ne.nt uPOU the ract that the ackno-wledgemmt of
reiiponaibility by ~dU3trial hoa.is w'ls long overdue. Lcoal .ind state authorities
refuss:i to rem~dy t.'ie grie\"M\OG:l or the Nagroes snd the .l"aderal rmthoriti.es felt;
(or said they felt) impotont to do so.

We refuse to accl!pt the idea that 1 t is only the ]01,1er cb"s \1hi r,es who
det8l'fllille the course of ra-:ial rrog:-mn; !.n the ~•>ut.'tarn sl:.lte!l. Rather, it is
the sil~nce of t.he res.l lea:l'¼reldp-eo~nonio interests, lllMY of which are located
in the l.orwi-~lhich encourage3 raeinl violence and condones police brut.el:l. ty,
On the bnais of Whet "e learnei last spring, conditions can be expecte:l to reu..;in
as they .ire in Birmin~arn 'lmlas-s anrl unr."il t,he 1"".PSic-n:11,;.o IH.>::thon1 lJ''nnor~jr
leac:a~sn1p finds i:t 1)1"0ftta-ble-to exert it~.

Wo therof-,re r01uRst all friends of Justice aod supporters of StlCC t,;i
rise in prot,l!St of 'tho da;-,1orsble absenoe of re:,ponslble action on the part of
tile city and state oi'!"1ci.tls and Lhe fodei.·al government. .But especially, we
appt!al to you and ask thaL yon use ~very possibl.a meon:1 to exert p'l'!!SSure on the
corporation executives who contl·ol much of I:irmin,?.hrun • s econo11Jic and racial
'OOlicies. These industrialists, by their silencC! and inaction, are supporting
the killine of innocent children

It 111 apparent tha ~ indus ~ry has m11Ch to ga;i.n by the inaintenance of the
racial stat;ua quo, which pcirrr.i~e the eicploi tat,j,on 01'. cheap, unsl-'.illed and
disenfranchised labor. It is now time for arou~ed citizens t-0 show these corpora
tions that the name of tqeir industries and the ~a of their products is

,,:teniably linked with the plir,ht or terrorized Negroes in :liminr,harr ..
. • iinals all over the nation must shou these corporate officials that their
~~.,• has been perrnan'lntly blemished by their silent refusal to further infl11e~ce

,rn city of Bi1•r,un!')lam toward fair and equitable treatment of all citizens under
the U. S, ConstitutiOll.

"EIS IS WHt.T YOU CAN no,
Wire or write Attorney Gener,al Robert Kennedy, aeking. for strong and decisive
federal intervention.

• DemaJ)d action by the industrialists listed in the followin!': fact sheet throup,h
tel.egrams, letters and personal visits.

Petition ~od ori!>Ulu:e demonstrations or vi~s:
a) Publicize t.he role of Northern capihl in surporting segregationist

racial policies. (Denionstrate at the offices of the corporations or t,he
re,idenees of the corporation heads.)

be) :lema11d federal ectiol of strength (Dernona!,rate at federal offices or bull.dings)
) PTOtest the failure of Bi.mingham officials to apprehend those responsible

for hhe 20 sOllle boMbings of a racial ni.t.ure which have occurred. there in
the past few months.)

Elave letters published in local. nB\lspapers and national publications pointing
out the crucial role played by nort;hern induatl"ia.l interest3 in Birmin,jlam.

(over)

Pt-CT SHEET arr IIIDUSTIUJJ, IN'l'EP.ESTS IN BIR}'lNG!lAM, ALA.BJOO

The foJ.lowirt~ U.S. corparm_~ns emigoy over 35>1 of the manu.faaturing workers
of Bi=d.n~ham. _¼).&v 11:ited are ~! oltiielr meet -powerful di!'ectors.

l'tl'l'ED STATES STEEL, 71 Broadway, New York 6, N. Y.

,;J, , es H, Bell. llusiness address: Chai= and President, General Mills, Inc.,
JO \layzata Blvd,, Mirtnenpolis 26, Minn. Residence: 501 !31;\ahaway Rd., ay2.ata,

. ..nn.

JSllles .B. Black, Business addreos: Chairman and Director of Pacific GBs & Electric
Co,, 245 !'3rket St., San Francisco 6, Calif. Residence: 1100 Sacramento st.,
San Francisco 8, ca1i.1',

Harllee Branch, Jr.. Business address: President and Director, Southern Co,, lJ.30
West Peachtree Si•, N.v,., htlanta, Georgia. Residence: .3106 Nancy's Creek Rd.,
tl.vl., Atlanta, Oeorgia.

l'hilip Re!!lll Clarke, BQsiness address: 13.5 South La sails St., Chicago .3, Ill. Resi
dence: 419 South Oak st,, Hinsdale, m.

C.F. Cra~g. Residence: 335 l'.ountnin Ave., Ridgewood, Mew Jersey,

John J.., Fuller, Business address: Sha"'1nigan \•.later and Power Co., 600 Ibrchester
Blvd,, West, 11:>ntireal 2, Canada.

Henry To-.nley Heald. llu'liness address: President and Trusl,ee, Ford Foundation, 477
Hadison Avenue• Ne-H York 22, N. Y •

.:trthlU' A. Roughton. Busine-&s address: President, Steuben Glass, 715 Fifth Ave.,
New York 22, N.Y. Res.idence: .3 s-~tton Pl.ace, New York 22, N.Y.

c. Jared Ingersoll,.
,iiladel.plrl,a 2, Pa.

Business address: Chairman, ~iuskogee Co., Girard Trust Bldg,,
Residence, h'hitamarsh, Pa.

le •nder C. Nagle. Business address: Director, First National City Bank of N. Y.,
_ J Park 1.ve., New York 22, N.Y. Residence: l Oak Lane, Scarsdale, tJ.Y.

,fo;,;.,ph P. Spang, Jr. Business address: Director, GiJ.lette Co., Gillette Park,
Boston 6, Mass. Residence: 40 C'hurchill.e Lane, till.ton 66, .M..-i11s.

Enders M, Voorhees. Residence: ll East 68th Street, New Y-ork 21., N. Y.

'ienry Smith ,lingate. &lsinesa address: Chairman and Director, International. /Jickel
Co., o.f Canada, Cl'lpper au.t:f, Ontario, Canada. Reaid90oe: 520 East 86th St,,
New :Cork 28, tJ. r.

ST, REGIS P,\PJ:R, 150 East 42n~ St., !Je,.-York 17, N.Y.

William R.. !\dams. Business address: President and Director, St. Regis Paper Co.,
150 East 42nd St., tvew York 1. 7, N. Y. Residence: New Cana.an, Conn.

J, Howard taeri. Businass address: Executive Vice President, First !!ational Oity
Bank of N. Y., 399 Park ><Ve., New York 22, tl. Y. Residence: Meadowcroft .I.Elna,
Greenwich, Conn.

W. Irving Osborne, Jr. Business address: President and Director, PuJ.lman Tnc.,
200 5outh 1'.l.chiga.n Ave., Chicago 4, Ill. Residence! 349 l{ing–Muir Rd., Lake
Forest, ill,

'"!TI~MAJUET'I'-. OORl'O!V'I'ION, 35◊ Park Ave., New York 22, N,Y,

Lexander B, ll.o;yce • .Business address: Partner, Chadbourne, Parke, Wh.lteside & Wolf'<>,
25 Broa.dwa.1, New York 4, N.Y.

" ' I. srencer. Brzsiness address: Chairman, Fiduciar;r Trust Co, or l!ew York,
1 :ul St., New York 5, N.Y. Residence: Harris Road, Bedford HiJ.ls, t .Y.

George Maverick Bunder.
Corp,, 350 Park 1'.ve,,
ton 16, n.c.

Business address, President ~d Dirl"ctor, Martin-M.iriotta
Ne" York, N. Y. Residence: 4940 I,,djan lane N,11. 1 ashing-

LONE ST,'IR CEME~1'CORPORATIO?l, 100 Pa'.rk Lane, New York 17, N. Y.

Charles E. Beard. .Business addr.,au Pre,.ident nntl Direel.()t•, Brlll'.liff Airways, .Ex.
change Park, Da.llas 35, TexBS,

•

-2-

George Evans Clark. Business address: Executive !'resident, ,\.dams Eitpress Co., 48
Wall St., New York 5, N.Y. Residence: 15 Verna Hill Rd., Fair.field, Com.,

Jolin H. Mathie. Business address: Predden~ ;i.nd Di.rector, I.one Star OemE!llt Co., 100
Park Ave., New York J.7, N.Y. !lesidence: Manursing \Jay, Rye, N,Y.

Stanley De J. Osbo':'ne. Bllc:inese address: :>resident and Director, Ol in-Uathieson
Corp., 460 Park Ave., New York 22, N. Y. Residence: 1 East End Ave., New York
21, N.Y.

Ienry B. Sargent. Business ad:lress: Pr-esident anei Director, American and Foreign
Power Co., 100 C~urch St,, New York 7, N.Y. Residence: 19L5 North 5t,, Fair
field, Conn.

G?-egg Stone. Busi.."'less address: 75 Federal St., Boston 10, :zass, Residence:
. _4 l'..uwder 5t., Dedhrun, Mass.

ti .S. PIPE Fu'ID FOI.JMrntY COMPnnY, 330 F:b-st ive,, N., Birmi.nghrun, 1Uabar..a..

H. Van Brunt MoKeever.
New York 4, N, Y.

Business address: Partner, Goodbody" And Co., 2 Broadway,
Residence: Short Hills, New Jersey,

Roy W. Moore, Jr, Business acl:h-ess: Prai;ident and Director, Canada Dry Corp., 100
Park 1,ve., New York 17, N.Y. Residence: l4lll. Hillside Rd,, Fairfield, Conn.

REPUBL[G 5'l'Efil._, Republic Building, Oleveland 1 1 Ohio.

C.R. Black, Jr, Business address: Chairman and Treasurer, C.R. Blaok, Jr. Corp,,
90 John St,, New York .38, N. Y. Residence: 740 Park Ave., JJew York 21, tJ. Y,

Jlll!leB Bruce. Burirtess address: 230 Park Ave., New York, M.Y. Residence: 150 East
69th St.,, Kew York 21, M, Y.

',rthur ,illiar.i St.eudel. Bueine&B add.Ne": Chairman, ShBl"\.rin-~11 J 1J am" Co. 1 101 Pro!!
pect. ;we,, N.IJ, CJcvel.md 1, Ohio. Rerldlll'lce: 153')2 Edgewater Dr,, '.Utkewood
7, Ohio.

"'Jlomae F. Patton, Buainess address: !Teoident. and DJ.rector, Republic Steel Corp.,
RepUbllc Bldg,, Cleveland:, Ohio. Residence: 2711 Landon Rd,, Shakei• !!eights
22, Ohio.

\RB!SON~IAIKE!t P.E''RACTORIT.S, Farmers Baok Building, l'itteburgh 22, ?a,

~1 c. Crott. Bulrl.ness adireaa: Chairr.lan, Great. tlortheru l>apor Co., 522 Firth
~ve., New York 36, N.Y, Residence: 1021 !l8l'k Ave., tlew York 28, !J.Y.

tJ~'l'OO OORPORATIOO, 327 Fifth A•:e., Pittsburt,;n 22, Pa.

M,G. Hulme. Business addraos: Presidr.nt and Direct.or, Hulme, Applegate & Humphrey,
Inc., Union Tru1Jt Bldg,, P'lLtsbur&h 38, Pa,

Hl.l'l'TIC S.-.SH :.ND DOOR, 1206 S. VandovGnter ,\vo., st. Louis 10 1 Mo.

August .\, Busch. Dunness address: Chairman, President. and Director, Anhell$er-Busch,
Inc., 721 Pestalozzi st., St. Louis, )lo.

Freel. '/. Stewa:rt.. Business address: Vice President, Treasurer and llirector, lfuttig
Sash and Door, 1206 S. Vandeventer Ave., St. Louis ( o.f whioh Birmingham Sash
anr( Door is a subsidiary). Residence: Rt. 1, l.oods ;fill Rd., Manchester,
Mo,

Jamea Parker Hickok, !lusiness address: ChairmAn, Fir:st. No.tionlll 13.lnk, 510 l.Qcust
St., St, Louis l, l·!o, Resicl.ence: 1.2 Fair Ce.ks, St. Iouis 24, ~!o,

Oa.vid R, c.~lhoun. Business address, President and Director, St, Louifl Union Tri.let
Co,, 510 l,ocust. St., St. I.ouiB, Ho, Resicl.ence: 58 Kingsbury Place, St. Louis,
Mo,

UNION CARBIDE CORPORATIOH, 270 P!Lrk live., New York 17, N,Y.

Howard S. !lwm. Business address: Vice Chairman ancl. Director, Union Carbide Corp.,
270 Park ,\ve., New York 17, N.Y, Reeidence: 22 !'idwood Terrace, l!ladison, Wisc.

e s. Dial. Business addness: Chairman and Chief E:Kecutive OUice:r, Union Car
bide Corp., 270 l'll.rk Ave., New York 17, 1'.Y.

Paul ,\, Corman. BusineSII address: Ex:ecutive Vice President, ,\merican Tel, 8c Tal.,
195 Broadway, New 'fork 7, t-;.Y. Residence: 272 Fairmowit Ave,, Chatham, N,J,

-3-

Wllliar.i S. Gr-ay, Business address: Hllnu.fllcturers Hanover Trust Co., 350 Park Ave.,
New York 22, N, Y. Residence: 351 Erskine Rd., Stamford, Conn.

Kenneth R. Hannan,
Carbide Corp.,
eanaan, Conn.

Business address: Eirecutive Vice President and Director, Union
270 Park .Ave., New York 17, N.Y. Residence: canoe Rill Rd., New

J. Victor Herd. Business address: Chairman, Continental Insurance Co., 80 Maiden
Lane, Ne1,1 York, N. Y. Residence: 2 ~lontngue Terrace, Brooklyn, N. Y.

George H. Love. Business addrMS: Chairman, Consolidation Coal Co., P:Oppers Bldg.,
Plttsburgh, Pa. Residence: 5920 Braeburn Place, Pittsburgh 32, Pa.

c.i.my Nason, Business address: President and Director, Union C!l:rbide Corp,, 270
''-rk l.ve., New York J.7, N.Y. Residence: 12 Pryer lilne, Larchmont, N.Y.

:'ameth Rush, B>Jsineas address, Executive Vice President e.nd Director, Union C.,U-bide
Corporation, 270 Park Ave., New York 17, N. Y. Residence: N. JY'..o.nursing Island,
Rye, N.Y.

SOURCES OF INFORMATIO!!_

l Infornation olltsined from INDUSTRIAL ALABAMA a publication of the
Alabama Cham':>er of Commerce; ar:d the U:s.-Cii!llsus, Soci~ and Economic Character
istics of l\l.Abrun:l, 1960.

2. In!o…""!Mtion ns supplied b;/ the corporations to lloody 1s Investors•
Service £or publication 'l.n ~roog;,1s Industrial Manna), 1962.

'.3. Information as supplied by the companies to Stalldard and Poor•s
Investors• Service £or publication in Standard and Poor 1s Director., of Direc-
tors- l 962. —

For £urther infonnation call:

Student Nonviolent Coordinating (;Qmm±+ tee
8½ Raymond Str"et, N. l!.
Atlanta 14, Georgia
Aren Code 404 688-0J'.31

,

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November 5, 2026
[Solved] book5

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[>Anatomy homework help](https://www.sweetstudy.com/fields/biology-anatomy) – a year ago **files (1)** – ## book5.docx **## book5.docx** 1. Overview As a middle manager, you have already recommended an innovation approach (incremental or discontinuous) to your organization for implementing IoT into …

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[>Anatomy homework help](https://www.sweetstudy.com/fields/biology-anatomy)

– a year ago

**files (1)**

– ## book5.docx

**## book5.docx**

1.

Overview

As a middle manager, you have already recommended an innovation approach (incremental or discontinuous) to your organization for implementing IoT into its product line. However, one of your organization’s key luxury-market competitors in passenger vehicles recently launched a fully autonomous luxury sedan prototype. It has announced that it plans to bring the model to market within the next two years. Your company wants to prepare for the challenge.

You have been tasked with creating a report recommending the most suitable process for managing innovation in a changing external environment (for example, a key competitor coming up with a new product). You will also recommend how cross-functional teams can work effectively within the recommended process. Lastly, you will address key stakeholders' concerns about introducing innovation management processes in a changing external environment.

Directions

Based on this scenario, create a process recommendation report. Remember to tailor the information for the target audience, your stakeholders. Your report should include the following points:

1. Identify the
**most suitable process for managing innovation in a changing external environment**. Consider the following processes and briefly describe all four processes before you offer your recommendation:

A. Stage-gate

B. Agile

C. Lean

D. Build-measure-learn

2. Explain your
**rationale for your recommendation**.

A. Describe the advantage of your chosen process over others.

B. Explain how it can address the changing external environment.

3. Explain recommendations for
**ensuring cross-functional team effectiveness in the chosen process**.

A. What metrics or performance indicators would you use to measure team success at each stage of a project?

B. How would you review and implement changes based on the outcome of the success measurements?

4. What benchmarks or achievements will indicate the project is complete? Describe your strategy for addressing the
**concerns of your key stakeholders.** Select two of the following departments whose directors will be your audience: research and development (R&D), finance, human resources (HR), or marketing.

A. Identify the key stakeholders from each department who will use this report in your organization, taking into consideration leadership and other essential positions.

B. List at least two concerns they may have about your chosen process for managing innovation.

C. How will you specifically respond to their concerns?

What to Submit

Submit a 2- to 3-page Word document with 12-point Times New Roman font, double spacing, and one-inch margins. References should be cited in APA format.

**## book5.docx**

1.

Overview

As a middle manager, you have already recommended an innovation approach (incremental or discontinuous) to your organization for implementing IoT into its product line. However, one of your organization’s key luxury-market competitors in passenger vehicles recently launched a fully autonomous luxury sedan prototype. It has announced that it plans to bring the model to market within the next two years. Your company wants to prepare for the challenge.

You have been tasked with creating a report recommending the most suitable process for managing innovation in a changing external environment (for example, a key competitor coming up with a new product). You will also recommend how cross-functional teams can work effectively within the recommended process. Lastly, you will address key stakeholders' concerns about introducing innovation management processes in a changing external environment.

Directions

Based on this scenario, create a process recommendation report. Remember to tailor the information for the target audience, your stakeholders. Your report should include the following points:

1. Identify the
**most suitable process for managing innovation in a changing external environment**. Consider the following processes and briefly describe all four processes before you offer your recommendation:

A. Stage-gate

B. Agile

C. Lean

D. Build-measure-learn

2. Explain your
**rationale for your recommendation**.

A. Describe the advantage of your chosen process over others.

B. Explain how it can address the changing external environment.

3. Explain recommendations for
**ensuring cross-functional team effectiveness in the chosen process**.

A. What metrics or performance indicators would you use to measure team success at each stage of a project?

B. How would you review and implement changes based on the outcome of the success measurements?

4. What benchmarks or achievements will indicate the project is complete? Describe your strategy for addressing the
**concerns of your key stakeholders.** Select two of the following departments whose directors will be your audience: research and development (R&D), finance, human resources (HR), or marketing.

A. Identify the key stakeholders from each department who will use this report in your organization, taking into consideration leadership and other essential positions.

B. List at least two concerns they may have about your chosen process for managing innovation.

C. How will you specifically respond to their concerns?

What to Submit

Submit a 2- to 3-page Word document with 12-point Times New Roman font, double spacing, and one-inch margins. References should be cited in APA format.

November 5, 2026
[Solved] Helping understand organic chem

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Breaking down the molecules and memory – a year ago

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Breaking down the molecules and memory

– a year ago

November 5, 2026
[Solved] Assessment for MS

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Helping diagnostic portion – a year ago

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Helping diagnostic portion

– a year ago

November 5, 2026
[Solved] Airport

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[>Anatomy homework help](https://www.sweetstudy.com/fields/biology-anatomy) Analyze the narrative structure of the text 'Frustration at the Airport' and discuss how it contributes to the overall emotional impact of the story. – a year ago

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[>Anatomy homework help](https://www.sweetstudy.com/fields/biology-anatomy)

Analyze the narrative structure of the text 'Frustration at the Airport' and discuss how it contributes to the overall emotional impact of the story.

– a year ago

November 5, 2026
[Solved] Health

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– a year ago **files (1)** – ## CaseStudy10.docx **## CaseStudy10.docx** This is not an essay paper. Please respond to the questions with no references needed. Tuscaloosa Medical Center has just been notified via letter that they have been selected for a security audit by the OCR. This review is not…

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– a year ago

**files (1)**

– ## CaseStudy10.docx

**## CaseStudy10.docx**

This is not an essay paper. Please respond to the questions with no references needed.

Tuscaloosa Medical Center has just been notified via letter that they have been selected for a security audit by the OCR. This review is not due to a compliant but rather a random review. The letter states that they will receive additional information and instructions within the next month. Tuscaloosa Medical Center is a 400-bed hospital with a wide range of services. They frantically begin reviewing their security plan and all of the actions they have taken over the past few years as they wait for the additional information.

(Word-count: 400):

1. Identify actions that the medical center should review as they prepare for the audit.

2. Describe the audit process they should expect.

**## CaseStudy10.docx**

This is not an essay paper. Please respond to the questions with no references needed.

Tuscaloosa Medical Center has just been notified via letter that they have been selected for a security audit by the OCR. This review is not due to a compliant but rather a random review. The letter states that they will receive additional information and instructions within the next month. Tuscaloosa Medical Center is a 400-bed hospital with a wide range of services. They frantically begin reviewing their security plan and all of the actions they have taken over the past few years as they wait for the additional information.

(Word-count: 400):

1. Identify actions that the medical center should review as they prepare for the audit.

2. Describe the audit process they should expect.

November 5, 2026
[Solved] Health

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– a year ago **files (1)** – ## Finallabproject.docx **## Finallabproject.docx** Please keep the assignment on a word doc Choose one of the following options for your analysis. Using the data included in the file [AB202019_Ch14_casemixindex_1996_2018_20190628 CA.xlsx](https://bccc.instructure.c…

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– a year ago

**files (1)**

– ## Finallabproject.docx

**## Finallabproject.docx**

Please keep the assignment on a word doc

Choose one of the following options for your analysis. Using the data included in the file
[AB202019_Ch14_casemixindex_1996_2018_20190628 CA.xlsx](https://bccc.instructure.com/courses/36562/files/3432668?wrap=1) [Download AB202019_Ch14_casemixindex_1996_2018_20190628 CA.xlsx](https://bccc.instructure.com/courses/36562/files/3432668/download?download_frd=1). Prepare a graphic that compares Your Hospital’s CMI to your benchmark facility, the county’s, and the state’s CMI for the past five years. Only include facilities in your analysis that have data for the past five years.

| | | | |
| — | — | — | — |
| | **Option A** | **Option B** | **Option C** |
| **County** | Orange | Fresno | San Diego |
| **Your Hospital** | Huntington Beach Hospital | Community Regional MC | Scripps Green Hospital |
| **Benchmark Facility** | Mission Hospital Regional MC | St. Agnes Medical Center | Sharp Coronado Hospital |

            Evaluate the data contained in your graphic. What types of insights or conclusions can be drawn from this information about your hospital, your benchmark facility, the county, and the state for each year? Was your assigned benchmark facility a good benchmark? If not, which facility in the assigned county would be better?

            Prepare a short report that evaluates the possible explanations as for why your facility’s overall CMI was higher or lower than the benchmark facility, the county, and the state average for each year. Include any explanation of outliers that may be in the county.

[AB202019_EXAMPLE_Ch14_Case Mix Index Analysis Sample Report.docx](https://bccc.instructure.com/courses/36562/files/3432669?wrap=1) [Download AB202019_EXAMPLE_Ch14_Case Mix Index Analysis Sample Report.docx](https://bccc.instructure.com/courses/36562/files/3432669/download?download_frd=1)

**## Finallabproject.docx**

Please keep the assignment on a word doc

Choose one of the following options for your analysis. Using the data included in the file
[AB202019_Ch14_casemixindex_1996_2018_20190628 CA.xlsx](https://bccc.instructure.com/courses/36562/files/3432668?wrap=1) [Download AB202019_Ch14_casemixindex_1996_2018_20190628 CA.xlsx](https://bccc.instructure.com/courses/36562/files/3432668/download?download_frd=1). Prepare a graphic that compares Your Hospital’s CMI to your benchmark facility, the county’s, and the state’s CMI for the past five years. Only include facilities in your analysis that have data for the past five years.

| | | | |
| — | — | — | — |
| | **Option A** | **Option B** | **Option C** |
| **County** | Orange | Fresno | San Diego |
| **Your Hospital** | Huntington Beach Hospital | Community Regional MC | Scripps Green Hospital |
| **Benchmark Facility** | Mission Hospital Regional MC | St. Agnes Medical Center | Sharp Coronado Hospital |

            Evaluate the data contained in your graphic. What types of insights or conclusions can be drawn from this information about your hospital, your benchmark facility, the county, and the state for each year? Was your assigned benchmark facility a good benchmark? If not, which facility in the assigned county would be better?

            Prepare a short report that evaluates the possible explanations as for why your facility’s overall CMI was higher or lower than the benchmark facility, the county, and the state average for each year. Include any explanation of outliers that may be in the county.

[AB202019_EXAMPLE_Ch14_Case Mix Index Analysis Sample Report.docx](https://bccc.instructure.com/courses/36562/files/3432669?wrap=1) [Download AB202019_EXAMPLE_Ch14_Case Mix Index Analysis Sample Report.docx](https://bccc.instructure.com/courses/36562/files/3432669/download?download_frd=1)

November 5, 2026
[Solved] jnbihblhb

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In-depth study guidance and analytical solution covering jnbihblhb.

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Full assignment prompt and step-by-step guidance are included in the downloadable solution file.

November 5, 2026
[Solved] Due soon

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A major client of your company is interested in the salary distributions of jobs in the state of Minnesota that range from $30,000 to $200,000 per year. As a Business Analyst, your boss asks you to research and analyze the salary distributions. You are given a spreadsheet that contains the following…

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Assignment Prompt & Instructions

A major client of your company is interested in the salary distributions of jobs in the state of Minnesota that range from $30,000 to $200,000 per year. As a Business Analyst, your boss asks you to research and analyze the salary distributions. You are given a spreadsheet that contains the following information:

– A listing of the jobs by title
– The salary (in dollars) for each job

**Deliverable 3 – Confidence Intervals**

You have already explained some of the basic statistics to your client, and he really liked your work. Now he wants you to analyze the confidence intervals.

##### **Instructions**

The data set in the spreadsheet consists of 599 records that you will be analyzing from the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The data set contains a listing of several jobs titles with yearly salaries ranging from approximately $30,000 to $200,000 for the state of Minnesota.

The Excel spreadsheet contains six tabs. The first tab, labeled “data,” requires you to calculate the mean, standard deviation, and sample size using the correct Excel formulas. The next five tabs contain questions for you to complete. Ensure that you are completely answering all questions with steps shown, explanations, and correct formatting.

– [\
\
STA3215Deliverable3-ConfidenceIntervals.xlsx](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/sta3215deliverable3-confidenceintervals-xlsx "STA3215Deliverable3-ConfidenceIntervals.xlsx")

– a year ago

November 5, 2026