Tag: Homework Solution

  • [Solved] s edwards

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    Please see attachment – a year ago **files (1)** – ## ArticleDataAnalysisExerciseAssignmentInstructions.docx **## ArticleDataAnalysisExerciseAssignmentInstructions.docx** CJUS 740 **Article/Data Analysis Exercise Assignment Instructions** This purpose of this project is twofold: 1. To help you beco…

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    Assignment Prompt & Instructions

    Please see attachment

    – a year ago

    **files (1)**

    – ## ArticleDataAnalysisExerciseAssignmentInstructions.docx

    **## ArticleDataAnalysisExerciseAssignmentInstructions.docx**

    CJUS 740

    **Article/Data Analysis Exercise Assignment Instructions**

    This purpose of this project is twofold:

    1. To help you become more familiar with interpreting academic journal articles in the library database.

    2. To become more familiar with reviewing empirical (research-based) literature and the findings presented.

    For this assignment, choose a peer-reviewed journal article, from your references, that assesses a crime program or method.

    Read the article and write a 5-page review that includes the following:

    1. A brief description of what the article addresses.

    2. A summary of what the article is trying to accomplish. In other words, what hypothesis is the article testing?

    3. The major findings of the article.

    4. Interpret their data. Do you agree or disagree?

    5. Do you feel you could you replicate the study based on their explanations?

    Lastly, what if someone insisted that they were 100 percent certain about their survey results? Could you challenge that statement? How?

    The assignment must follow current APA format. You may now use the standard template for assignments from this point on in the course (linked under the Resources header on the assignment page).

    Note: Your assignment will be checked for originality via the Turnitin plagiarism tool.

    **## ArticleDataAnalysisExerciseAssignmentInstructions.docx**

    CJUS 740

    **Article/Data Analysis Exercise Assignment Instructions**

    This purpose of this project is twofold:

    1. To help you become more familiar with interpreting academic journal articles in the library database.

    2. To become more familiar with reviewing empirical (research-based) literature and the findings presented.

    For this assignment, choose a peer-reviewed journal article, from your references, that assesses a crime program or method.

    Read the article and write a 5-page review that includes the following:

    1. A brief description of what the article addresses.

    2. A summary of what the article is trying to accomplish. In other words, what hypothesis is the article testing?

    3. The major findings of the article.

    4. Interpret their data. Do you agree or disagree?

    5. Do you feel you could you replicate the study based on their explanations?

    Lastly, what if someone insisted that they were 100 percent certain about their survey results? Could you challenge that statement? How?

    The assignment must follow current APA format. You may now use the standard template for assignments from this point on in the course (linked under the Resources header on the assignment page).

    Note: Your assignment will be checked for originality via the Turnitin plagiarism tool.

  • [Solved] W7 final paper

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    [>Accounting homework help](https://www.sweetstudy.com/fields/business-finance-accounting) – a year ago **files (1)** – ## FInalpaper20pages.docx **## FInalpaper20pages.docx** DUE 04/29 A 20-page research project due in Week 7 is assigned that must use APA 7th ed. format and a minimum of six peer-re…

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    Assignment Prompt & Instructions

    [>Accounting homework help](https://www.sweetstudy.com/fields/business-finance-accounting)

    – a year ago

    **files (1)**

    – ## FInalpaper20pages.docx

    **## FInalpaper20pages.docx**

    DUE 04/29

    A 20-page research project due in Week 7 is assigned that must use APA 7th ed. format and a minimum of six peer-reviewed sources and the use of Excel financial statements.

    · This is a continuation of W 1 paper we already have 6 pages out of the 20. Charts and graphs can count towards the page count.

    **## FInalpaper20pages.docx**

    DUE 04/29

    A 20-page research project due in Week 7 is assigned that must use APA 7th ed. format and a minimum of six peer-reviewed sources and the use of Excel financial statements.

    · This is a continuation of W 1 paper we already have 6 pages out of the 20. Charts and graphs can count towards the page count.

  • [Solved] 7890

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    [>Operations Management homework help](https://www.sweetstudy.com/fields/business-finance-operations-management) 7890 free now – a year ago

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    Assignment Prompt & Instructions

    [>Operations Management homework help](https://www.sweetstudy.com/fields/business-finance-operations-management)

    7890 free now

    – a year ago

  • [Solved] Approaches to Disease Management: Vaginal Discharge

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    A 6-year-old has a yellow vaginal discharge. The examination is otherwise normal. – What are key points in the history and physical examination? – How would you approach differ if the patient were a sexually active 16-year-old? – What are similarities and differences in the approach? **Submission In…

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    Assignment Prompt & Instructions

    A 6-year-old has a yellow vaginal discharge. The examination is otherwise normal.

    – What are key points in the history and physical examination?
    – How would you approach differ if the patient were a sexually active 16-year-old?
    – What are similarities and differences in the approach?

    **Submission Instructions:**

    – Your initial post should be at least 500 words, formatted and cited in current APA style with support from at least 2 academic sources within 5 years 2020-2025

    – a year ago

  • [Solved] Qualitative Research Writing Exercise and Peer Feedback

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    Must BE 800 WORDS apa 7TH EDITION 3 SCHOLARY SOURCES (1 BIBLICAL RESEOUCE Consider a research problem and conceptualize a qualitative study you want to conduct to address the problem. Write a plan for the procedures to be used in your qualitative study. Include your role and reflexivity, data collec…

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    Assignment Prompt & Instructions

    Must BE 800 WORDS apa 7TH EDITION 3 SCHOLARY SOURCES (1 BIBLICAL RESEOUCE

    Consider a research problem and conceptualize a qualitative study you want to conduct to address the problem. Write a plan for the procedures to be used in your qualitative study. Include your role and reflexivity, data collection procedures, data recording procedures, data analysis procedures, interpretation, and validity and reliability. Use the guidelines provided in Creswell & Creswell for the elements to include in your qualitative study. Please also review Chapter 3 of the **Publication manual of the American Psychological Association**.

    – [\
    \
    DiscussionAssignmentInstructions.docx](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/discussionassignmentinstructions-docx-10277457 "DiscussionAssignmentInstructions.docx")
    – [\
    \
    WEEKSEVENREADINGS.docx](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/weeksevenreadings-docx "WEEKSEVENREADINGS.docx")

    – a year ago

  • [Solved] Responses

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    – a year ago **files (1)** – ## Responses.docx **## Responses.docx** CT -RESPONSE ONE Hey everyone! My name is …….and I’m originally from ……., but now I live in ………. I’ve been in education for 10 years—currently teaching kindergarten during the school day and working as an administrator for our afte…

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    Assignment Prompt & Instructions

    – a year ago

    **files (1)**

    – ## Responses.docx

    **## Responses.docx**

    CT -RESPONSE ONE

    Hey everyone! My name is …….and I’m originally from ……., but now I live in ………. I’ve been in education for 10 years—currently teaching kindergarten during the school day and working as an administrator for our aftercare and summer programs. I’ve been in that admin role for 5 summers and two full years in aftercare. I’ve also worked in two different districts and under several different admin teams, so I’ve definitely seen a variety of leadership styles.

    Building strong relationships and using research-based instruction are the most important parts of what I do. If we’re not connecting with our kids or teaching them in ways that are proven to work, then we’re not doing our best for them.

    I’m married, we’ve got two wild and sweet boys—Baker and Beau—and a dog who thinks he’s a third kid. Life is busy but full of love and chaos in the best way. A random fun fact: I’m the youngest of three, and my brothers were already in college when I was born. I was the “oops” baby, but I like to say I saved the best for last!

    I’m in my second term of this degree program and really interested in curriculum topics, which is why I’m excited about this class. I’m hoping to get a better grasp on the theories behind curriculum and maybe narrow down a topic for my thesis.

    I haven’t traveled much outside of family vacations or sporting events, but living at the beach definitely makes it easier to stay close to home. My biggest aspirations are just to be a good mom, wife, and educator. Long-term, I’d love to work as a school administrator, maybe teach at the college level, or even get involved with the state department of education.

    Something that’s really stood out to me lately is how states are shifting toward the science of reading and putting more focus on evidence-based instruction. It’s exciting to see real changes happening in the curriculum world.

    CT Response two

    I am ……, and I currently live in ……… I am a career changer after early retirement, I found that I still have a lot to give, so I am just starting the long process towards the doctoral degree. I am a mother of 2 boys (30, 19) and a 19-month-old granddaughter. I received my master’s degree in organizational leadership from Mercy College in New York, I am also a Licensed Pharmacy Technician. I am currently a student in the Doctor of Curriculum and Instruction program. I am really excited about this program, and all I will learn about my future aspirations includes obtaining a Doctorate degree from this institution. I feel that having this degree will help me within any organization. I believe the concept of curriculum refers to the set of courses, coursework, and content that is offered at an educational institution.

    I am interested in the Ed.D. Curriculum and Instruction program because of my 19-year-old special needs son Matthew.  I retired as a director of hospital admissions, human resources in 2017 to provide one-on-one education for Matthew.  He is a child with ADHD as well as being on the Spectrum, I see exactly what having an IEP and a 504 means to a special needs child. He is homeschooled (online), entering the 12th grade this year, and as his learning coach, I am acutely aware of the importance of the field of Curriculum and Instruction and how it focuses on how people learn and how to improve the educational experience.

    I have always had a passion for teaching and making a positive impact on students' lives, but have not expressed this urge outside of my own children. Still, after COVID, I see that teachers and other educational staff quit their jobs, and I see there is a need that will make me a strong candidate for this academic program.  I am particularly interested in the program's emphasis on research-based instructional strategies and its focus on meeting the diverse needs of the children. I am excited to learn how to design an effective, culturally responsive method that is accessible to all students, especially for special needs children.

    CI Response one

    Hello! My name is ….and , ……. I am currently serving as the Deputy Superintendent at the …..County Office of Education and have been in the field for about 30 years. Although I work with a variety of departments, Educational Services is my true passion. One of the programs I oversee is Teacher Induction, which provides support to teachers in their first two years of teaching. Working with new teachers as they begin their careers is so rewarding and is one of the reasons I decided to pursue my doctorate. I hope to possibly move into higher education to teach our aspiring teachers before they enter their careers.

    As a county office, we serve students in the entire county by providing resources and training to teachers, administrators and parents. We also operate alternative education programs for students who have not been successful in the comprehensive setting or have been involved in the juvenile justice system. In addition, we run several regional special education programs, including a preschool, low-incidence team (deaf/hard of hearing, visual impairment, etc.) and services for our rural schools. Despite the picture many people have about California, we have a large number of very small, rural school districts. In our county, we have two schools with one teacher teaching grades TK-8 and three others that have only two classrooms for all grade levels. Because they have such a small staff, we provide support in the areas most district offices would normally serve.

    On a more personal level, my husband and I have four daughters, all of whom are grown. My youngest is graduating from college in two weeks and will be returning home for a year as she applies to medical school. The others live in Michigan and Oregon, so we do quite a bit of traveling to see them. In addition, my oldest daughter just had our first grandchild in October, so we’re proud grandparents!

    In my free time (of which I have very little!) I like to go running with our dog, Kobe, or sit outside in our garden reading. I also sit on the CASA (Court Appointed Special Advocates) Board in our county and am part of a few other volunteer organizations, which is fun.

    SLE response one

    Here’s a little about me. I’m originally from ……, spent 30 years in ….. and now call Dauphin Isl….., my home. Living out in the Gulf of America has been an incredible experience over the past nine years. When I first moved here, friends worried about hurricanes, but I like to say I live right at the crossroads of Mother Ocean and Mother Nature, always in their grand battle.

    My career has been a rich tapestry of various industries, including equestrian sports, agriculture, education, and even wedding consulting. At 46, I decided to return to academia to pursue my passion for psychology. I completed my studies at Ole Miss and ……i College, obtaining a terminal degree in counseling and psychology. Since then, I’ve been a licensed professional counselor in private practice for 20 years. Working with inpatient populations, including the criminally insane, has been among the most rewarding and fascinating experiences of my professional life. Since moving to ……, I’ve also taught at the college level, both in-person and online.

    On the personal side, I have three sons (ages 45, 40, and 28). Some of my fondest memories are of the years we traveled non-stop, showing Quarter Horses. We lived in a custom horse trailer, spent long hours on the road, and competed every weekend. Parenting took an unexpected turn when I married and became a stepmother to his 12-year-old son. It was a joy to build a bond with a child unused to having a “woman in the house.” My stepson and I are remarkably close; his apartment is in the courtyard beside my practice.

    My goals for this class are rooted in strengthening my understanding of lower-level education, as I’ve mainly taught college students in recent years. A poignant memory that reflects gaps in education was encountering a college student who believed Auschwitz was a social media hoax and spent his weekend “proving” it. This experience showed me that some challenges students face in higher education might stem from earlier gaps in the school curriculum.

    A fun fact about me is that I attended my first two universities on rodeo scholarships! I competed in barrel racing, goat tying, and breakaway roping. I was also Mississippi State's first rodeo queen, a role that allowed me to travel, recruit high school students, and promote scholarship opportunities. My love of horses passed naturally to my sons, who grew up riding and competing like me.

    Looking ahead, my passion drives me toward returning full-time to academia, particularly teaching at the doctoral level. While I currently train future counselors, I feel a deep pull toward the classroom, especially to enhance and bring credibility to the online counseling curriculum.

    SLE Response two

    Hi, my name is ……, and I live in ……. I work full-time as an analyst at a large U.S. technology company and part-time at a local ….., teaching first aid, firearms, defensive tactics, and physical fitness. I am pursuing a doctorate in education; this class will only be my eighth taken in the doctorate program at CSU (I think; it all runs together!), so there is definitely a lot of coursework and dissertation work remaining. It one hundred percent feels like a marathon and not a sprint.

    I am taking coursework at CSU as I am interested in using the degree to incorporate technology education into law enforcement training, specifically, how best to develop cybercrime expertise among local law enforcement personnel. This could be cultivated in basic recruit training while students are in the academy or in-service training for sworn personnel. Due to the globalization of the Internet and ease of access to cyberspace, particularly in most areas of the U.S., local law enforcement agencies need to be familiar with technology to investigate multiple aspects of technology crimes effectively.

    For this course, I look forward to learning more about P-12 schools and how they operate within the ethics and legal requirements framework. My educational instruction background has only focused on adult education, so this is a relatively new topic for me within this subject matter. I look forward to engaging with you all during this class!

    DE response one

    My name is ….., and I’m originally from …… but currently live in …….. I am a pre-k teacher in the ……..County School System and currently in my sixth year of teaching. Although I have experience in other grade levels, I love teaching Pre-K because I’m the first to set the foundation of education and become one of their first teachers during their time in school. It’s always a joy to hear and see students and parents be excited when their child is now writing, identifying letters and sounds, counting, and reading sight words while in pre-k. I aim to obtain my doctorate and pursue a career as a principal or superintendent. I love to travel, try new restaurants, attend concerts, and sports games! If everything goes as planned, I will graduate with my Ed.D. in 2026!! I’m excited about this course and can’t wait to work with you all.

    DE Response two

    My name is ……. and I currently hold a …….and a ………. I am an internationally Certified Bloodstain Pattern Analyst and Certified Crime Scene Analyst and I travel worldwide consulting on criminal and civil cases, as well as teaching law enforcement, forensic specialists, and military forensics and bloodstain pattern analysis. I am also Curriculum Lead Faculty for Forensics and Criminal Justice at CSU and an adjunct professor and subject matter expert at 5 other universities. Before opening my firm, I worked at a law enforcement agency in central west Florida, where I was a forensic investigator and human remains detection (cadaver) K9 handler. I have been in the forensics field for 10 years and at CSU since 2021. I have been fortunate enough to be utilized as a forensics expert for various news outlets and television series, such as The Real CSI Miami. My family and I love to travel and any second we can we hop on a flight or a boat! Our life focuses on making memories for my three girls (9, 5, and 2).

    I look forward to engaging with everyone throughout the course and hearing your perspectives, experiences, viewpoints, and even opinions on the variety of subjects we will cover. I decided to get a 2nd doctoral degree to expand my knowledge in education, which is directly applicable to (one) of my current roles.

    **## Responses.docx**

    CT -RESPONSE ONE

    Hey everyone! My name is …….and I’m originally from ……., but now I live in ………. I’ve been in education for 10 years—currently teaching kindergarten during the school day and working as an administrator for our aftercare and summer programs. I’ve been in that admin role for 5 summers and two full years in aftercare. I’ve also worked in two different districts and under several different admin teams, so I’ve definitely seen a variety of leadership styles.

    Building strong relationships and using research-based instruction are the most important parts of what I do. If we’re not connecting with our kids or teaching them in ways that are proven to work, then we’re not doing our best for them.

    I’m married, we’ve got two wild and sweet boys—Baker and Beau—and a dog who thinks he’s a third kid. Life is busy but full of love and chaos in the best way. A random fun fact: I’m the youngest of three, and my brothers were already in college when I was born. I was the “oops” baby, but I like to say I saved the best for last!

    I’m in my second term of this degree program and really interested in curriculum topics, which is why I’m excited about this class. I’m hoping to get a better grasp on the theories behind curriculum and maybe narrow down a topic for my thesis.

    I haven’t traveled much outside of family vacations or sporting events, but living at the beach definitely makes it easier to stay close to home. My biggest aspirations are just to be a good mom, wife, and educator. Long-term, I’d love to work as a school administrator, maybe teach at the college level, or even get involved with the state department of education.

    Something that’s really stood out to me lately is how states are shifting toward the science of reading and putting more focus on evidence-based instruction. It’s exciting to see real changes happening in the curriculum world.

    CT Response two

    I am ……, and I currently live in ……… I am a career changer after early retirement, I found that I still have a lot to give, so I am just starting the long process towards the doctoral degree. I am a mother of 2 boys (30, 19) and a 19-month-old granddaughter. I received my master’s degree in organizational leadership from Mercy College in New York, I am also a Licensed Pharmacy Technician. I am currently a student in the Doctor of Curriculum and Instruction program. I am really excited about this program, and all I will learn about my future aspirations includes obtaining a Doctorate degree from this institution. I feel that having this degree will help me within any organization. I believe the concept of curriculum refers to the set of courses, coursework, and content that is offered at an educational institution.

    I am interested in the Ed.D. Curriculum and Instruction program because of my 19-year-old special needs son Matthew.  I retired as a director of hospital admissions, human resources in 2017 to provide one-on-one education for Matthew.  He is a child with ADHD as well as being on the Spectrum, I see exactly what having an IEP and a 504 means to a special needs child. He is homeschooled (online), entering the 12th grade this year, and as his learning coach, I am acutely aware of the importance of the field of Curriculum and Instruction and how it focuses on how people learn and how to improve the educational experience.

    I have always had a passion for teaching and making a positive impact on students' lives, but have not expressed this urge outside of my own children. Still, after COVID, I see that teachers and other educational staff quit their jobs, and I see there is a need that will make me a strong candidate for this academic program.  I am particularly interested in the program's emphasis on research-based instructional strategies and its focus on meeting the diverse needs of the children. I am excited to learn how to design an effective, culturally responsive method that is accessible to all students, especially for special needs children.

    CI Response one

    Hello! My name is ….and , ……. I am currently serving as the Deputy Superintendent at the …..County Office of Education and have been in the field for about 30 years. Although I work with a variety of departments, Educational Services is my true passion. One of the programs I oversee is Teacher Induction, which provides support to teachers in their first two years of teaching. Working with new teachers as they begin their careers is so rewarding and is one of the reasons I decided to pursue my doctorate. I hope to possibly move into higher education to teach our aspiring teachers before they enter their careers.

    As a county office, we serve students in the entire county by providing resources and training to teachers, administrators and parents. We also operate alternative education programs for students who have not been successful in the comprehensive setting or have been involved in the juvenile justice system. In addition, we run several regional special education programs, including a preschool, low-incidence team (deaf/hard of hearing, visual impairment, etc.) and services for our rural schools. Despite the picture many people have about California, we have a large number of very small, rural school districts. In our county, we have two schools with one teacher teaching grades TK-8 and three others that have only two classrooms for all grade levels. Because they have such a small staff, we provide support in the areas most district offices would normally serve.

    On a more personal level, my husband and I have four daughters, all of whom are grown. My youngest is graduating from college in two weeks and will be returning home for a year as she applies to medical school. The others live in Michigan and Oregon, so we do quite a bit of traveling to see them. In addition, my oldest daughter just had our first grandchild in October, so we’re proud grandparents!

    In my free time (of which I have very little!) I like to go running with our dog, Kobe, or sit outside in our garden reading. I also sit on the CASA (Court Appointed Special Advocates) Board in our county and am part of a few other volunteer organizations, which is fun.

    SLE response one

    Here’s a little about me. I’m originally from ……, spent 30 years in ….. and now call Dauphin Isl….., my home. Living out in the Gulf of America has been an incredible experience over the past nine years. When I first moved here, friends worried about hurricanes, but I like to say I live right at the crossroads of Mother Ocean and Mother Nature, always in their grand battle.

    My career has been a rich tapestry of various industries, including equestrian sports, agriculture, education, and even wedding consulting. At 46, I decided to return to academia to pursue my passion for psychology. I completed my studies at Ole Miss and ……i College, obtaining a terminal degree in counseling and psychology. Since then, I’ve been a licensed professional counselor in private practice for 20 years. Working with inpatient populations, including the criminally insane, has been among the most rewarding and fascinating experiences of my professional life. Since moving to ……, I’ve also taught at the college level, both in-person and online.

    On the personal side, I have three sons (ages 45, 40, and 28). Some of my fondest memories are of the years we traveled non-stop, showing Quarter Horses. We lived in a custom horse trailer, spent long hours on the road, and competed every weekend. Parenting took an unexpected turn when I married and became a stepmother to his 12-year-old son. It was a joy to build a bond with a child unused to having a “woman in the house.” My stepson and I are remarkably close; his apartment is in the courtyard beside my practice.

    My goals for this class are rooted in strengthening my understanding of lower-level education, as I’ve mainly taught college students in recent years. A poignant memory that reflects gaps in education was encountering a college student who believed Auschwitz was a social media hoax and spent his weekend “proving” it. This experience showed me that some challenges students face in higher education might stem from earlier gaps in the school curriculum.

    A fun fact about me is that I attended my first two universities on rodeo scholarships! I competed in barrel racing, goat tying, and breakaway roping. I was also Mississippi State's first rodeo queen, a role that allowed me to travel, recruit high school students, and promote scholarship opportunities. My love of horses passed naturally to my sons, who grew up riding and competing like me.

    Looking ahead, my passion drives me toward returning full-time to academia, particularly teaching at the doctoral level. While I currently train future counselors, I feel a deep pull toward the classroom, especially to enhance and bring credibility to the online counseling curriculum.

    SLE Response two

    Hi, my name is ……, and I live in ……. I work full-time as an analyst at a large U.S. technology company and part-time at a local ….., teaching first aid, firearms, defensive tactics, and physical fitness. I am pursuing a doctorate in education; this class will only be my eighth taken in the doctorate program at CSU (I think; it all runs together!), so there is definitely a lot of coursework and dissertation work remaining. It one hundred percent feels like a marathon and not a sprint.

    I am taking coursework at CSU as I am interested in using the degree to incorporate technology education into law enforcement training, specifically, how best to develop cybercrime expertise among local law enforcement personnel. This could be cultivated in basic recruit training while students are in the academy or in-service training for sworn personnel. Due to the globalization of the Internet and ease of access to cyberspace, particularly in most areas of the U.S., local law enforcement agencies need to be familiar with technology to investigate multiple aspects of technology crimes effectively.

    For this course, I look forward to learning more about P-12 schools and how they operate within the ethics and legal requirements framework. My educational instruction background has only focused on adult education, so this is a relatively new topic for me within this subject matter. I look forward to engaging with you all during this class!

    DE response one

    My name is ….., and I’m originally from …… but currently live in …….. I am a pre-k teacher in the ……..County School System and currently in my sixth year of teaching. Although I have experience in other grade levels, I love teaching Pre-K because I’m the first to set the foundation of education and become one of their first teachers during their time in school. It’s always a joy to hear and see students and parents be excited when their child is now writing, identifying letters and sounds, counting, and reading sight words while in pre-k. I aim to obtain my doctorate and pursue a career as a principal or superintendent. I love to travel, try new restaurants, attend concerts, and sports games! If everything goes as planned, I will graduate with my Ed.D. in 2026!! I’m excited about this course and can’t wait to work with you all.

    DE Response two

    My name is ……. and I currently hold a …….and a ………. I am an internationally Certified Bloodstain Pattern Analyst and Certified Crime Scene Analyst and I travel worldwide consulting on criminal and civil cases, as well as teaching law enforcement, forensic specialists, and military forensics and bloodstain pattern analysis. I am also Curriculum Lead Faculty for Forensics and Criminal Justice at CSU and an adjunct professor and subject matter expert at 5 other universities. Before opening my firm, I worked at a law enforcement agency in central west Florida, where I was a forensic investigator and human remains detection (cadaver) K9 handler. I have been in the forensics field for 10 years and at CSU since 2021. I have been fortunate enough to be utilized as a forensics expert for various news outlets and television series, such as The Real CSI Miami. My family and I love to travel and any second we can we hop on a flight or a boat! Our life focuses on making memories for my three girls (9, 5, and 2).

    I look forward to engaging with everyone throughout the course and hearing your perspectives, experiences, viewpoints, and even opinions on the variety of subjects we will cover. I decided to get a 2nd doctoral degree to expand my knowledge in education, which is directly applicable to (one) of my current roles.

  • [Solved] gc

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    – a year ago **files (1)** – ## gcuweek6todui.docx **## gcuweek6todui.docx** As a counselor, your employer may ask you to propose evidence-based interventions or programs to counsel a particular cultural group. Create a tri-fold brochure that illustrates which evidence-based interventions or program…

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    Assignment Prompt & Instructions

    – a year ago

    **files (1)**

    – ## gcuweek6todui.docx

    **## gcuweek6todui.docx**

    As a counselor, your employer may ask you to propose evidence-based interventions or programs to counsel a particular cultural group. Create a tri-fold brochure that illustrates which evidence-based interventions or programs you would use to counsel a specific cultural population.

    Next, record a 3-5-minute video explaining your brochure. This recording should cover the criteria provided in the brochure. Once recorded, please refer to the “GCU Zoom Resources” located in the Class Resources to assist you with how to properly record and submit your video. Then provide your instructor with the link to your video by placing the link on a Word document. Submit this to your instructor so the video can be viewed.

    Do not submit an mp4 file to the assignment dropbox.

    Include the following in your brochure:

    · An evidence-based intervention program

    · A cultural group that would benefit from the intervention program of your choice.

    · Evidence that supports the efficacy of the intervention or program with the chosen cultural group.

    · A brief explanation of why the chosen program should be used instead of other programs.

    · Training that is required to perform the selected intervention or program.

    · Address any additional material that would be needed for the program or intervention.

    · A minimum of two scholarly sources outside of your textbook.

    While APA style is not required for the body of this assignment, solid academic writing is expected, and documentation of sources should be presented using APA formatting guidelines, which can be found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center.

    To design your brochure, use the templates in Microsoft Office Publisher or any alternative word processing program. If Microsoft Publisher is used make sure to save the file in PDF format to ensure it can be uploaded to the digital classroom. If you do not have these programs, you can use the online template resources found on the Microsoft website, a link has been provided in the topic Resources. Omit/delete items on templates that do not pertain to assignment criterion. Keep in mind that only .doc, .docx, .eps, .htm, .pdf, .rtf, .txt, or .wpd files are accepted, with file size not to exceed 10 MB.

    This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.

    You are not required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite.

    _This assignment meets the following NASAC Standards:_

    _18) Understand diverse racial and ethnic cultures, including their distinct patterns of interpreting reality, world view, adaptation, and communication, and to incorporate the special needs of minority groups and the differently abled into clinical practice._

    _119) Recognize the importance of individual differences by gaining knowledge about personality, cultures, lifestyles, and other factors influencing client behavior, and applying this knowledge to practice._

    **## gcuweek6todui.docx**

    As a counselor, your employer may ask you to propose evidence-based interventions or programs to counsel a particular cultural group. Create a tri-fold brochure that illustrates which evidence-based interventions or programs you would use to counsel a specific cultural population.

    Next, record a 3-5-minute video explaining your brochure. This recording should cover the criteria provided in the brochure. Once recorded, please refer to the “GCU Zoom Resources” located in the Class Resources to assist you with how to properly record and submit your video. Then provide your instructor with the link to your video by placing the link on a Word document. Submit this to your instructor so the video can be viewed.

    Do not submit an mp4 file to the assignment dropbox.

    Include the following in your brochure:

    · An evidence-based intervention program

    · A cultural group that would benefit from the intervention program of your choice.

    · Evidence that supports the efficacy of the intervention or program with the chosen cultural group.

    · A brief explanation of why the chosen program should be used instead of other programs.

    · Training that is required to perform the selected intervention or program.

    · Address any additional material that would be needed for the program or intervention.

    · A minimum of two scholarly sources outside of your textbook.

    While APA style is not required for the body of this assignment, solid academic writing is expected, and documentation of sources should be presented using APA formatting guidelines, which can be found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center.

    To design your brochure, use the templates in Microsoft Office Publisher or any alternative word processing program. If Microsoft Publisher is used make sure to save the file in PDF format to ensure it can be uploaded to the digital classroom. If you do not have these programs, you can use the online template resources found on the Microsoft website, a link has been provided in the topic Resources. Omit/delete items on templates that do not pertain to assignment criterion. Keep in mind that only .doc, .docx, .eps, .htm, .pdf, .rtf, .txt, or .wpd files are accepted, with file size not to exceed 10 MB.

    This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.

    You are not required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite.

    _This assignment meets the following NASAC Standards:_

    _18) Understand diverse racial and ethnic cultures, including their distinct patterns of interpreting reality, world view, adaptation, and communication, and to incorporate the special needs of minority groups and the differently abled into clinical practice._

    _119) Recognize the importance of individual differences by gaining knowledge about personality, cultures, lifestyles, and other factors influencing client behavior, and applying this knowledge to practice._

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    everything in the document – a year ago **files (1)** – ## embdevlp.docx **## embdevlp.docx** **Embryology and Heredity** **Key Terms** Development Fertilization Zygote Blastocyst Embryo Fetus **Fetal Structures** Chorion Amnion Placenta Inheritance Allele Phenotype Genotype Autosomal dominant Autos…

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    Assignment Prompt & Instructions

    everything in the document

    – a year ago

    **files (1)**

    – ## embdevlp.docx

    **## embdevlp.docx**

    **Embryology and Heredity**

    **Key Terms**

    Development

    Fertilization

    Zygote

    Blastocyst

    Embryo

    Fetus

    **Fetal Structures**

    Chorion

    Amnion

    Placenta

    Inheritance

    Allele

    Phenotype

    Genotype

    Autosomal dominant

    Autosomal recessive

    Sex-linked trait

    **Terminology list:**

    · Fertilization

    · Zygote

    · Blastocyst

    · Embryo

    · Fetus

    · Chorion

    · Amnion

    · Placenta

    · Allele

    · Phenotype

    · Genotype

    · Autosomal dominant

    · Autosomal recessive

    · Sex-linked trait

    **Stages of development and events:**

    · Pre-embryo stages

    · Secondary oocyte

    · Fertilized ovum

    · 1-cell zygote

    · 2-cell zygote

    · 4-cell zygote

    · 8-cell zygote

    · Morula

    · Blastocyst

    · Ovulation

    · Fertilization

    · Fusion of pronuclei

    · Cleavage

    · Differentiation

    · Hatching

    Prenatal development beginning with fertilization and ending in birth, approximate 38 weeks later, is divided into three periods:

    __________ period: Week 1-2

    Developmental changes from a single cell (zygote) to implantation of a multicellular sphere, the blastocyst

    __________ period: weeks 3-8

    Formation of extraembryonic membranes, germ layers, and organs

    __________ period, weeks 9-38/birth

    Maturation of tissues and organs, and rapid growth of the body

    The stage at which the developing pre-embryo enters the uterus is the __________.

    When the blastocyst hatches, the __________ __________ comes off.

    What is the event that accomplishes pregnancy?

    About how long does it take for the blastocyst to implant?

    The __________ period begins when all organ systems have been established at about 9 weeks.

    Extraembryonic membranes protect the embryo and assist with important functions such as nutrition, gas exchange, and removal of wastes.

    ![A diagram of the internal organs Description automatically generated](https://www.sweetstudy.com/questions/work-20902831)List the structures that develop from each of the extraembryonic membranes:

    · Amnion

    · Chorion

    · Allantois

    · Yolk sac

    The placenta is made of two components:

    The fetal portion of the placenta is called the __________

    The maternal portion of the placenta is called the __________ __________ which is composed of endometrium.

    **Primary Germ Layers:**

    Color-code the germ layers as follows:

    · Ectoderm: Blue

    · Mesoderm: Red

    · Endoderm: Yellow

    ![A diagram of a human body Description automatically generated](https://www.sweetstudy.com/questions/work-20902831)

    **Name the primary germ layer that formed each of the structures listed below:**

    Epidermis of the skin _______________________________________________________

    Heart _____________________________________________________________________

    Liver _____________________________________________________________________

    Bone _____________________________________________________________________

    Hair ______________________________________________________________________

    The following image depicts early embryonic events. In the following questions, identify the events, cell types, or processes referring to the figure.

    1. Event A:

    2. Event B:

    3. Cell resulting from Event B:

    4. Event C:

    5. Embryonic structure C1:

    6. Event D:

    7. Embryonic structure at D:

    8. Event E:

    ![A diagram of a human reproductive system Description automatically generated](https://www.sweetstudy.com/questions/work-20902831)

    Trace the events of development from fertilization to implantation. In your tracing, you will do two things: (1) describe the changes that the conceptus undergoes from the time that fertilization takes place until the time that it implants; and (2) trace the conceptus’ location as these events occur. Trace the pathway using the image, and also fill in the space provided.

    ![A diagram of a uterus Description automatically generated](https://www.sweetstudy.com/questions/work-20902831)

    Start: Sperm and secondary oocyte meet in uterine tube _______________________________________

    \_\_\____________________________________________________________________________________________________

    \_\_\____________________________________________________________________________________________________

    \_\_\____________________________________________________________________________________________________

    \_\_\____________________________________________________________________________________________________

    \_\_\____________________________________________________________________________________________________

    _________________________________________________________________________ End: Implanted blastocyst

    Heredity:

    **GENETICS TERMINOLOGY**

    1.
    **Gene**— a unit of heredity on a chromosome

    1.
    **Allele**— alternate forms of a gene (one allele comes from mom and one allele comes from dad)

    1.
    **Locus**— the location of a gene on a chromosome

    1.
    **Dominant allele**— alleles that mask the expression of other alleles but are themselves expressed (indicated with a capital letter)

    1.
    **Recessive allele**— alleles whose expression is masked by dominant alleles (indicated with a lower case letter)

    **Example: Dimples are dominant over none.** We would use a capital
    **D** for dimples present and a lower case
    **d** for none. Alleles for the same gene must be represented by the same letter…capital for the dominant allele and lower case for the recessive allele.

    1.
    **Homozygous**— both alleles are the same (both dominant or both recessive)

    1.
    **Heterozygous**— alleles are different (one is dominant, one is recessive)

    Example: Dimples are dominant over none. (D = dimples; d = none)

    · If both alleles are dominant, the organism is said to be
    **_homozygous dominant_** _._(DD)

    · If both alleles are recessive, the organism is said to be
    **_homozygous recessive_** _. (_ dd)

    · If one allele is dominant and one is recessive, the organism is said to be
    **_heterozygous._**(Dd)

    **_Identify the following as homozygous dominant, homozygous recessive, or heterozygous:_**

    6. Ww

    6. bb

    6. TT

    6. Rr

    6. GG

    1.
    **Genotype**— The genetic formula or statement of what alleles are present (there are three genotypes: homozygous dominant, homozygous recessive, or heterozygous)

    1.
    **Phenotype**— The physical expression of inherited traits; what the organism looks like; what you see when you look at the organism

    **_Write the genotype in letter form for the following. Use the letters P and p._**

    8. Homozygous recessive

    8. Homozygous dominant

    8. Heterozygous

    **_For each of the following, write the genotype. Before you start, identify each allele. Red is dominant over white. Red =_**
    **_; white =_**

    1. Homozygous red

    1. Heterozygous red

    1. White

    **_Identify the following as a genotype or a phenotype._**

    1. BB

    1. Purple flowers

    1. heterozygous

    1. Has freckles

    **COMPLETE DOMINANCE (SIMPLE DOMINANCE)**

    · There are only 2 possible phenotypes.

    · Only 1 dominant allele is required for the trait to be expressed.

    · 2 recessive alleles must be present for the recessive trait to be expressed.

    **Problem:**

    Dimples are dominant over no dimples. If a homozygous individual with dimples is crossed (mated) with a homozygous individual with no dimples, what will be the genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring?

    Step 1 – Identify alleles: Dimples =
    _________ No dimples =
    (what letters are you going to use?)

    Step 2 – Write out the cross:
    x
    (This is the
    **parental, or P1, generation**)

    Step 3 – Set up a Punnett square: arrange alleles along the side and top and show all possible combinations in the Punnett square.

    This first generation of offspring is called the

    **first filial, or F1, generation**.

    Step 4 Identify genotypic and phenotypic ratios:

    Each F1 individual can produce 2 different gametes, P and p. Gametes from these individuals combine with each other randomly.

    Now cross two of your F1 gametes from your Punnett square above.

    x

    What is the genotypic ratio?

    DD :
    Dd :
    dd

    What is the phenotypic ratio?

    Dimples :
    no dimples

    Example Problems:

    Freckles are dominant to no freckles. Mom is heterozygous for freckles, and dad does not have freckles. Work the genetics problem. Identify the alleles, show the cross, show the Punnett square, and identify the genotypic and phenotypic ratios.

    Dimples are dominant over no dimples. A man homozygous for dimples marries a woman with dimples whose mother lacked dimples. What proportion of their children will have dimples? Identify the alleles, show the cross, show the Punnett square, and answer the question.

    **INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE**

    Some traits will show a 3rd
    _intermediate_ phenotype if the genotype is heterozygous.

    **_Problem:_**

    Wavy hair in humans is a result of incomplete dominance between straight hair (H) and curly hair (h). If a man with curly hair marries a woman with wavy hair, what kinds of hair could their children have? Identify the alleles, show the cross, show the Punnett square, and show the genotypic and phenotypic ratios.

    Identify alleles:

    Curly hair =

    Wavy hair=

    Straight Hair =

    Show the cross:
    x

    Fill in the Punnett Square.

    Genotypic ratio:
    HH Hh hh

    Phenotypic ration:
    curly
    wavy
    straight

    **LETHAL INHERITANCE**

    Lethal inheritance involves inheriting a gene that kills the offspring. Huntington's disease is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by a mutation in the HTT gene and is an example of a lethal inheritance. An individual who has one copy of the mutated gene (Hh) will develop the disease, while an individual with two normal copies (hh) will not.

    A man (Hh) with Huntington's disease marries a woman (hh) who does not have the disease.

    1. What are the possible genotypes of their children?

    2. What is the probability that their children will inherit Huntington's disease?

    **CODOMINANCE**

    Codominance occurs when both alleles contribute to the heterozygous genotype. A good example is BLOOD TYPE.

    The alleles A and B are
    **codominant**.

    Allele A is dominant over O.

    Allele B is dominant over O.

    Allele O is recessive.

    There are 4 blood types— Type A

    Type B Type AB Type O

    | | | | | |
    | — | — | — | — | — |
    | Phenotype (blood type) | A | B | AB | O |
    | Possible genotypes | | | | |

    Blood typing is often used to determine the identity of an individual in forensic work and paternity suits.

    **_Problem:_** A woman with type O blood is suing a man for child support. The man has type AB blood, and the child has type O blood. Does she have a case?

    | | |
    | — | — |
    | | |
    | | |

    x

    Suppose that a person having type B blood is married to someone having type A blood. What are the possible blood types of their children?

    A child with type O blood is born to a mother with type A blood.

    What is the genotype of the child? ___________

    What are the possible genotypes of the father? ___________________________________

    Show a Punnett square to back up your answers.

    **SEX LINKED INHERITANCE**

    There are two kinds of sex chromosomes in humans, X and Y. If you are a male, you have one of each, or XY. If you are female, you have the XX genotype.

    · Sex linked traits are
    **_recessive_**.

    · Most alleles for sex linked traits are carried on the X chromosome, not the Y.

    · Therefore, sex linked traits like hemophilia and red-green colorblindness are more commonly seen in males or females?

    **Problem:**

    A man with normal vision marries a woman with normal vision (her father was colorblind).

    What is the chance that they will have a colorblind child? ________________________%

    What is the chance that they will have a colorblind daughter? _____________________%

    What is the chance that they will have a colorblind son?
    _______________%

    x

    Hemophilia is a sex linked disorder that affects the blood’s ability to clot. Ronnie and Susan decide to get married. Susan has hemophilia. Ronnie does not. They are concerned about passing the disorder to their children. Work the genetics problem and identify the alleles, show the cross, show the Punnett square, and answer the following questions:
    a. If the couple has a son, what is the chance that he will have hemophilia?
    b. If the couple has a daughter, what is the chance that she will have hemophilia?

    So far, everything we have done has represented the
    **_monohybrid cross_**, a genetic cross involving only one trait. When we work with two traits at the same time, it is called a
    **_dihybrid cross_**.

    **Example of a dihybrid cross:**

    In corn, a purple (R) seed color is dominant to yellow (r), and smooth seeds (S) are dominant to wrinkled (s) seeds. Consider the following cross:
    **_RRSS x rrss._**

    · What is the phenotype of RRSS?

    · What is the phenotype of rrss?

    · What is the expected genotype for the F1 generation?

    · Will all of the offspring have the same genotype?

    · What is the phenotype of the F1 generation?

    · Cross two F1 plants. Write the cross here:
    x

    · Do a Punnett Square:

    How many different genotypes are possible in the F2 generation?

    Consider the phenotypes of the F2 generation. How many are:

    Red and smooth?

    Red and wrinkled?

    White and smooth?

    White and wrinkled?

    **USING DNA BIOTECHNOLOGY TO DETECT GENETIC DISORDERS**:

    **Sickle Cell Disease**

    Normal red blood cells are biconcave discs; people with sickle cell disease have red blood cells that are sickle shaped.
    **Draw some normal blood cells and then some sickle shaped blood cells:**

    **Normal shaped cells Sickle shaped cells**

    Red blood cells pass through narrow capillaries carrying oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from body tissues. The sickle shaped cells cannot pass through these narrow passages. They tend to clog vessels and break down, causing poor circulation, anemia, and poor resistance to infection. Further complications can include jaundice, pain in abdomen and joints, and damage to internal organs.

    The difference between normal red blood cells and sickle shaped cells is caused by a difference in

    **! This is an example of a genetic mutation.**

    **Gel Electrophoresis:**

    Figure 11.1 Gel Electrophoresis of hemoglobin

    Sickle cell hemoglobin (HbS) migrates slower toward the positive pole than normal hemoglobin (HbA) because the amino acid valine has no polar R groups. The amino acid glutamate does have a polar R group.

    **Detection by genomic sequencing:**

    Pretend you are a genetic counselor. A young couple comes to you for counsel because sickle-cell disease occurs among the family members of each. You order DNA base sequencing to be done. The results come back that at one of the alleles for normal hemoglobin, each has the abnormal sequence of CAC instead of CTC. The other allele is normal.

    **What are the chances that this couple will have a child with normal red blood cells?**

    **_% What are the chances that this couple will have a child with sickle shaped cells?**
    **%**

    **What are the chances that this couple will have a child with normal cells, but is a carrier for sickle cell disease?**
    **%**

    | | |
    | — | — |
    | | |
    | | |

    ## image6.jpeg

    ## image1.png

    ## image2.png

    ## image3.png

    ## image4.png

    ## image5.jpeg

    **## embdevlp.docx**

    **Embryology and Heredity**

    **Key Terms**

    Development

    Fertilization

    Zygote

    Blastocyst

    Embryo

    Fetus

    **Fetal Structures**

    Chorion

    Amnion

    Placenta

    Inheritance

    Allele

    Phenotype

    Genotype

    Autosomal dominant

    Autosomal recessive

    Sex-linked trait

    **Terminology list:**

    · Fertilization

    · Zygote

    · Blastocyst

    · Embryo

    · Fetus

    · Chorion

    · Amnion

    · Placenta

    · Allele

    · Phenotype

    · Genotype

    · Autosomal dominant

    · Autosomal recessive

    · Sex-linked trait

    **Stages of development and events:**

    · Pre-embryo stages

    · Secondary oocyte

    · Fertilized ovum

    · 1-cell zygote

    · 2-cell zygote

    · 4-cell zygote

    · 8-cell zygote

    · Morula

    · Blastocyst

    · Ovulation

    · Fertilization

    · Fusion of pronuclei

    · Cleavage

    · Differentiation

    · Hatching

    Prenatal development beginning with fertilization and ending in birth, approximate 38 weeks later, is divided into three periods:

    __________ period: Week 1-2

    Developmental changes from a single cell (zygote) to implantation of a multicellular sphere, the blastocyst

    __________ period: weeks 3-8

    Formation of extraembryonic membranes, germ layers, and organs

    __________ period, weeks 9-38/birth

    Maturation of tissues and organs, and rapid growth of the body

    The stage at which the developing pre-embryo enters the uterus is the __________.

    When the blastocyst hatches, the __________ __________ comes off.

    What is the event that accomplishes pregnancy?

    About how long does it take for the blastocyst to implant?

    The __________ period begins when all organ systems have been established at about 9 weeks.

    Extraembryonic membranes protect the embryo and assist with important functions such as nutrition, gas exchange, and removal of wastes.

    ![A diagram of the internal organs Description automatically generated](https://www.sweetstudy.com/questions/work-20902831)List the structures that develop from each of the extraembryonic membranes:

    · Amnion

    · Chorion

    · Allantois

    · Yolk sac

    The placenta is made of two components:

    The fetal portion of the placenta is called the __________

    The maternal portion of the placenta is called the __________ __________ which is composed of endometrium.

    **Primary Germ Layers:**

    Color-code the germ layers as follows:

    · Ectoderm: Blue

    · Mesoderm: Red

    · Endoderm: Yellow

    ![A diagram of a human body Description automatically generated](https://www.sweetstudy.com/questions/work-20902831)

    **Name the primary germ layer that formed each of the structures listed below:**

    Epidermis of the skin _______________________________________________________

    Heart _____________________________________________________________________

    Liver _____________________________________________________________________

    Bone _____________________________________________________________________

    Hair ______________________________________________________________________

    The following image depicts early embryonic events. In the following questions, identify the events, cell types, or processes referring to the figure.

    1. Event A:

    2. Event B:

    3. Cell resulting from Event B:

    4. Event C:

    5. Embryonic structure C1:

    6. Event D:

    7. Embryonic structure at D:

    8. Event E:

    ![A diagram of a human reproductive system Description automatically generated](https://www.sweetstudy.com/questions/work-20902831)

    Trace the events of development from fertilization to implantation. In your tracing, you will do two things: (1) describe the changes that the conceptus undergoes from the time that fertilization takes place until the time that it implants; and (2) trace the conceptus’ location as these events occur. Trace the pathway using the image, and also fill in the space provided.

    ![A diagram of a uterus Description automatically generated](https://www.sweetstudy.com/questions/work-20902831)

    Start: Sperm and secondary oocyte meet in uterine tube _______________________________________

    \_\_\____________________________________________________________________________________________________

    \_\_\____________________________________________________________________________________________________

    \_\_\____________________________________________________________________________________________________

    \_\_\____________________________________________________________________________________________________

    \_\_\____________________________________________________________________________________________________

    _________________________________________________________________________ End: Implanted blastocyst

    Heredity:

    **GENETICS TERMINOLOGY**

    1.
    **Gene**— a unit of heredity on a chromosome

    1.
    **Allele**— alternate forms of a gene (one allele comes from mom and one allele comes from dad)

    1.
    **Locus**— the location of a gene on a chromosome

    1.
    **Dominant allele**— alleles that mask the expression of other alleles but are themselves expressed (indicated with a capital letter)

    1.
    **Recessive allele**— alleles whose expression is masked by dominant alleles (indicated with a lower case letter)

    **Example: Dimples are dominant over none.** We would use a capital
    **D** for dimples present and a lower case
    **d** for none. Alleles for the same gene must be represented by the same letter…capital for the dominant allele and lower case for the recessive allele.

    1.
    **Homozygous**— both alleles are the same (both dominant or both recessive)

    1.
    **Heterozygous**— alleles are different (one is dominant, one is recessive)

    Example: Dimples are dominant over none. (D = dimples; d = none)

    · If both alleles are dominant, the organism is said to be
    **_homozygous dominant_** _._(DD)

    · If both alleles are recessive, the organism is said to be
    **_homozygous recessive_** _. (_ dd)

    · If one allele is dominant and one is recessive, the organism is said to be
    **_heterozygous._**(Dd)

    **_Identify the following as homozygous dominant, homozygous recessive, or heterozygous:_**

    6. Ww

    6. bb

    6. TT

    6. Rr

    6. GG

    1.
    **Genotype**— The genetic formula or statement of what alleles are present (there are three genotypes: homozygous dominant, homozygous recessive, or heterozygous)

    1.
    **Phenotype**— The physical expression of inherited traits; what the organism looks like; what you see when you look at the organism

    **_Write the genotype in letter form for the following. Use the letters P and p._**

    8. Homozygous recessive

    8. Homozygous dominant

    8. Heterozygous

    **_For each of the following, write the genotype. Before you start, identify each allele. Red is dominant over white. Red =_**
    **_; white =_**

    1. Homozygous red

    1. Heterozygous red

    1. White

    **_Identify the following as a genotype or a phenotype._**

    1. BB

    1. Purple flowers

    1. heterozygous

    1. Has freckles

    **COMPLETE DOMINANCE (SIMPLE DOMINANCE)**

    · There are only 2 possible phenotypes.

    · Only 1 dominant allele is required for the trait to be expressed.

    · 2 recessive alleles must be present for the recessive trait to be expressed.

    **Problem:**

    Dimples are dominant over no dimples. If a homozygous individual with dimples is crossed (mated) with a homozygous individual with no dimples, what will be the genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring?

    Step 1 – Identify alleles: Dimples =
    _________ No dimples =
    (what letters are you going to use?)

    Step 2 – Write out the cross:
    x
    (This is the
    **parental, or P1, generation**)

    Step 3 – Set up a Punnett square: arrange alleles along the side and top and show all possible combinations in the Punnett square.

    This first generation of offspring is called the

    **first filial, or F1, generation**.

    Step 4 Identify genotypic and phenotypic ratios:

    Each F1 individual can produce 2 different gametes, P and p. Gametes from these individuals combine with each other randomly.

    Now cross two of your F1 gametes from your Punnett square above.

    x

    What is the genotypic ratio?

    DD :
    Dd :
    dd

    What is the phenotypic ratio?

    Dimples :
    no dimples

    Example Problems:

    Freckles are dominant to no freckles. Mom is heterozygous for freckles, and dad does not have freckles. Work the genetics problem. Identify the alleles, show the cross, show the Punnett square, and identify the genotypic and phenotypic ratios.

    Dimples are dominant over no dimples. A man homozygous for dimples marries a woman with dimples whose mother lacked dimples. What proportion of their children will have dimples? Identify the alleles, show the cross, show the Punnett square, and answer the question.

    **INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE**

    Some traits will show a 3rd
    _intermediate_ phenotype if the genotype is heterozygous.

    **_Problem:_**

    Wavy hair in humans is a result of incomplete dominance between straight hair (H) and curly hair (h). If a man with curly hair marries a woman with wavy hair, what kinds of hair could their children have? Identify the alleles, show the cross, show the Punnett square, and show the genotypic and phenotypic ratios.

    Identify alleles:

    Curly hair =

    Wavy hair=

    Straight Hair =

    Show the cross:
    x

    Fill in the Punnett Square.

    Genotypic ratio:
    HH Hh hh

    Phenotypic ration:
    curly
    wavy
    straight

    **LETHAL INHERITANCE**

    Lethal inheritance involves inheriting a gene that kills the offspring. Huntington's disease is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by a mutation in the HTT gene and is an example of a lethal inheritance. An individual who has one copy of the mutated gene (Hh) will develop the disease, while an individual with two normal copies (hh) will not.

    A man (Hh) with Huntington's disease marries a woman (hh) who does not have the disease.

    1. What are the possible genotypes of their children?

    2. What is the probability that their children will inherit Huntington's disease?

    **CODOMINANCE**

    Codominance occurs when both alleles contribute to the heterozygous genotype. A good example is BLOOD TYPE.

    The alleles A and B are
    **codominant**.

    Allele A is dominant over O.

    Allele B is dominant over O.

    Allele O is recessive.

    There are 4 blood types— Type A

    Type B Type AB Type O

    | | | | | |
    | — | — | — | — | — |
    | Phenotype (blood type) | A | B | AB | O |
    | Possible genotypes | | | | |

    Blood typing is often used to determine the identity of an individual in forensic work and paternity suits.

    **_Problem:_** A woman with type O blood is suing a man for child support. The man has type AB blood, and the child has type O blood. Does she have a case?

    | | |
    | — | — |
    | | |
    | | |

    x

    Suppose that a person having type B blood is married to someone having type A blood. What are the possible blood types of their children?

    A child with type O blood is born to a mother with type A blood.

    What is the genotype of the child? ___________

    What are the possible genotypes of the father? ___________________________________

    Show a Punnett square to back up your answers.

    **SEX LINKED INHERITANCE**

    There are two kinds of sex chromosomes in humans, X and Y. If you are a male, you have one of each, or XY. If you are female, you have the XX genotype.

    · Sex linked traits are
    **_recessive_**.

    · Most alleles for sex linked traits are carried on the X chromosome, not the Y.

    · Therefore, sex linked traits like hemophilia and red-green colorblindness are more commonly seen in males or females?

    **Problem:**

    A man with normal vision marries a woman with normal vision (her father was colorblind).

    What is the chance that they will have a colorblind child? ________________________%

    What is the chance that they will have a colorblind daughter? _____________________%

    What is the chance that they will have a colorblind son?
    _______________%

    x

    Hemophilia is a sex linked disorder that affects the blood’s ability to clot. Ronnie and Susan decide to get married. Susan has hemophilia. Ronnie does not. They are concerned about passing the disorder to their children. Work the genetics problem and identify the alleles, show the cross, show the Punnett square, and answer the following questions:
    a. If the couple has a son, what is the chance that he will have hemophilia?
    b. If the couple has a daughter, what is the chance that she will have hemophilia?

    So far, everything we have done has represented the
    **_monohybrid cross_**, a genetic cross involving only one trait. When we work with two traits at the same time, it is called a
    **_dihybrid cross_**.

    **Example of a dihybrid cross:**

    In corn, a purple (R) seed color is dominant to yellow (r), and smooth seeds (S) are dominant to wrinkled (s) seeds. Consider the following cross:
    **_RRSS x rrss._**

    · What is the phenotype of RRSS?

    · What is the phenotype of rrss?

    · What is the expected genotype for the F1 generation?

    · Will all of the offspring have the same genotype?

    · What is the phenotype of the F1 generation?

    · Cross two F1 plants. Write the cross here:
    x

    · Do a Punnett Square:

    How many different genotypes are possible in the F2 generation?

    Consider the phenotypes of the F2 generation. How many are:

    Red and smooth?

    Red and wrinkled?

    White and smooth?

    White and wrinkled?

    **USING DNA BIOTECHNOLOGY TO DETECT GENETIC DISORDERS**:

    **Sickle Cell Disease**

    Normal red blood cells are biconcave discs; people with sickle cell disease have red blood cells that are sickle shaped.
    **Draw some normal blood cells and then some sickle shaped blood cells:**

    **Normal shaped cells Sickle shaped cells**

    Red blood cells pass through narrow capillaries carrying oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from body tissues. The sickle shaped cells cannot pass through these narrow passages. They tend to clog vessels and break down, causing poor circulation, anemia, and poor resistance to infection. Further complications can include jaundice, pain in abdomen and joints, and damage to internal organs.

    The difference between normal red blood cells and sickle shaped cells is caused by a difference in

    **! This is an example of a genetic mutation.**

    **Gel Electrophoresis:**

    Figure 11.1 Gel Electrophoresis of hemoglobin

    Sickle cell hemoglobin (HbS) migrates slower toward the positive pole than normal hemoglobin (HbA) because the amino acid valine has no polar R groups. The amino acid glutamate does have a polar R group.

    **Detection by genomic sequencing:**

    Pretend you are a genetic counselor. A young couple comes to you for counsel because sickle-cell disease occurs among the family members of each. You order DNA base sequencing to be done. The results come back that at one of the alleles for normal hemoglobin, each has the abnormal sequence of CAC instead of CTC. The other allele is normal.

    **What are the chances that this couple will have a child with normal red blood cells?**

    **_% What are the chances that this couple will have a child with sickle shaped cells?**
    **%**

    **What are the chances that this couple will have a child with normal cells, but is a carrier for sickle cell disease?**
    **%**

    | | |
    | — | — |
    | | |
    | | |

    ## image6.jpeg

    ## image1.png

    ## image2.png

    ## image3.png

    ## image4.png

    ## image5.jpeg

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    ACC 3301, Managerial Accounting 1

    Course Learning Outcomes for Unit IV

    Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:

    7. Analyze problems in managerial decision-making regarding cost planning and control.
    7.1 Demonstrate how incremental analysis is used in managerial decision-making.
    7.2 Discuss various factors managers must consider when setting prices for products.

    Required Unit Resources

    Chapter 7: Incremental Analysis—Read the following sections:

    • Decision-Making and Incremental Analysis
    • Special Orders
    • Make or Buy
    • Sell or Process Further
    • Repair, Retain, or Replace Equipment
    • Eliminate Unprofitable Segment or Product

    Chapter 8: Pricing—Read the following sections:

    • Target Costing
    • Cost-Plus and Variable-Cost Pricing
    • Time-and-Material Pricing
    • Transfer Prices

    In order to access the following resources, click the links below.

    Chapter 7 PowerPoint Presentation
    PDF of Chapter 7 Presentation

    Chapter 8 PowerPoint Presentation
    PDF of Chapter 8 Presentation

    Unit Lesson

    Introduction

    In Unit III, we focused mainly on the activity-based costing and cost-volume-profit analysis. In this unit, we will
    shift our studies to incremental analysis and pricing. A manager has many tasks to do in their daily job. Some
    of these tasks involve evaluating different options and choosing the best one based on cost factors. When
    was the last time you had to decide between making dinner or going out to eat? When is the last time you had
    to choose between buying a new car or getting your current one repaired? These are just a few examples of
    how we are faced with incremental analysis decisions.

    Relevant Costs

    The key to making such decisions is understanding the differences between relevant and non-relevant costs.
    Opportunity costs represent the benefit that could have been obtained by pursuing an alternative course of
    action. For instance, assume that you give up a summer job that pays $5,000 and instead take summer
    classes. The $5,000 would be viewed as an opportunity cost of attending summer school. Even though

    UNIT IV STUDY GUIDE
    Incremental Analysis and Pricing

    [https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/bbcswebdav/xid-150482616_1](https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/bbcswebdav/xid-150482616_1)

    [https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/bbcswebdav/xid-150483056_1](https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/bbcswebdav/xid-150483056_1)

    [https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/bbcswebdav/xid-150482618_1](https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/bbcswebdav/xid-150482618_1)

    [https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/bbcswebdav/xid-150483057_1](https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/bbcswebdav/xid-150483057_1)

    ACC 3301, Managerial Accounting 2

    UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
    Title

    opportunity costs are not recorded in a company’s accounting records, they are important issues to consider
    in business decisions. Unfortunately, they are sometimes not known at the time the decision is made.

    Sunk costs, on the other hand, represent costs that have already been incurred and cannot be changed by
    future actions. For instance, a company’s investment in a canned foods warehouse is a sunk cost. This cost
    will not change regardless of whether the company rents out the warehouse, continues operations, or decides
    to let the building go vacant. The only costs relevant to a decision are those that vary among the courses of
    action being considered. Sunk costs are not considered relevant since they cannot be changed, regardless of
    what decision is made.

    When it comes to incremental analysis, there are many decisions to be considered. For instance, special
    order decisions occur when a company receives large special orders to provide goods at less than regular
    price. Most of the time, these orders are not from a company’s regular customers. The relevant costs in this
    type of decision are the incremental revenues that will be earned and the incremental costs that will be
    incurred by accepting the order. Incremental analysis is a useful tool in evaluating the effects of expected
    short-term changes in revenue and costs. Managers should always be alert, however, to the long-run
    implications of their actions.

    Another type of incremental analysis involves make-or-buy decisions. In many manufacturing firms, the
    company must decide whether to make a certain part required in the assembly of a good or buy the part from
    outside suppliers. If the company is currently producing a part that could be purchased at a lower cost from
    outsiders, profits may be increased by a decision to buy the part and utilize the company’s own manufacturing
    resources for other purposes.

    View the following video by accessing the Unit IV Additional Unit Resources folder in the unit.

    To learn more about how to use incremental analysis for a make-or-buy decision, please view the Applied
    Skills Video: How to Use Incremental Analysis Related to Make or Buy, and Consider Opportunity Cost video.
    Once you click on the link, closed captioning can be accessed by clicking the “CC” button on the bottom right
    of the video window, and a transcript can be accessed by clicking the “T” button next to the “CC” button.

    Additionally, a common issue companies face is what to do with obsolete or defective products. Management
    must decide whether to devote the resources to rebuild these units, sell them at a reduced price, or simply
    scrap them. In the aviation industry, it is common for companies to rework parts that are found to be defective
    instead of purchasing new ones. It certainly reduces overall manufacturing costs and overall waste.

    Joint Product Decisions

    Many firms produce multiple products from common raw materials and a shared production process.
    Examples include oil refineries, lumber and steel mills, and meat processing companies. Products resulting
    from a shared manufacturing process are termed joint products, and the manufacturing costs that relate to
    these products as a group are called joint costs. In such manufacturing processes, two business issues arise.
    One is how to allocate joint costs among the various types of products manufactured. The other type of
    decision is whether some types of products should be processed further to create an even more valuable
    finished good.

    What are joint costs? Assume that Daisy Co. mixes together milk and cream. After joint manufacturing costs
    of $3,000 have been incurred, this mixture separates into two viable products: ice cream and whipping cream.
    How is the $3,000 in joint costs allocated between these products? While there is no right or wrong way to
    allocate the joint costs, the most commonly used method is in proportion to the relative sales value of the
    products produced.

    Once joint costs can be separated, they have reached what is called the split-off point. At this point, each
    product may be sold independently of the other, or it may be processed further. When we consider the Daisy
    Co. example, the company may sell its ice cream and whipping cream after the split-off point without further
    processing, or it may continue processing either of the products further. The decision of whether to sell the ice
    cream and whipping cream or to continue processing them into something else is based on the incremental
    costs and revenue expected after the split-off point.

    ACC 3301, Managerial Accounting 3

    UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
    Title

    To learn more about joint product costs and the split-off profit, please view the video below. A transcript and
    closed captioning are available once you access the video.

    Joint Product Costs and the Splitoff Point video

    Pricing

    What type of pricing decisions are involved in managerial accounting? We all know that setting the price for a
    company’s product or service is a very significant decision. It is also a very difficult process to manage due to
    the number and variety of influences involved. The pricing decision arises in virtually all types of
    organizations. Manufacturers set prices for the products they manufacture while merchandising firms set
    prices for their goods. Service firms also establish prices for the services they provide, such as movie tickets,
    hair salons, and insurance policies. Pricing a product or service that a company has sold for a long time may
    be quite different from pricing a new product or service. Public utilities and cable companies face political
    issues in pricing their products and services because their prices must adhere to certain governmental
    regulations.

    There are several ways to price a product. Managers must rely on a quick and straightforward method for
    setting prices through cost-based pricing formulas. Even though market considerations may determine the
    final product price, a cost-based pricing formula gives the manager a place to start. Most importantly, the cost
    of a product or service provides a floor below which the price cannot be set in the long run. Although a
    product may be initially set below cost, a product’s price ultimately must cover its costs in order for the firm to
    remain in business. Even a nonprofit organization cannot forever price products or services below their costs.

    Cost-plus pricing is based on the initial cost of a product or service plus a markup percentage that is applied
    to it. The markup used would be based on all built-in costs plus a certain margin level that would cover excess
    expenses related back to the company. The cost-plus method can be used effectively within an organization
    as long as careful consideration is given to the cost factors built into the initial product or service. It is
    imperative that price-setting managers understand that ultimately the price must cover all costs and normal
    profit margin. Cost-plus pricing formulas establish a starting point in setting prices. Then, the price setter must
    weigh market conditions, likely actions of competitors, and general business conditions. Thus, price setting
    requires a constant interplay of market considerations and cost awareness.

    Alternatively, target costing is the process of determining the maximum allowable cost for a new product and
    then developing a prototype that can be profitably made for that maximum target cost figure. How is the target
    cost computed? We have to start with the anticipated selling price and then deduct the desired profit:

    Target cost = anticipated selling price – desired profit

    Why is target costing used? It was developed in recognition of two important characteristics of markets and
    costs. The first is based on the fact that many companies have less control over price than they would like to
    think. The market determines price, and a company that attempts to ignore this does so at its peril. Thus, the
    anticipated market price is taken as a given in target costing. The second thing to note is that most of a
    product’s cost is determined in the design stage. Once a product is designed and has gone through
    production, not much can be done to reduce its cost.

    Most of the opportunities to lower the cost come from designing the product so that it is simple to make, uses
    inexpensive parts, and is robust and reliable. If a firm has little control over market price and cost once the
    product has started production, then it follows that the major opportunities for affecting profit come in the
    design stage where valuable features that customers are willing to pay for can be added and where most of
    the costs are really determined. The effort is concentrated in the designing and developing stages of the
    product. The difference between target costing and other popular methods is significant. Instead of designing
    a product and then finding out how much it costs, the target cost is set first and then the product is designed
    so that the target cost is attained. What a great way to tackle costing issues!

    [https://c24.page/g56bf4g7ru9jts6hamgt6dqabs](https://c24.page/g56bf4g7ru9jts6hamgt6dqabs)

    ACC 3301, Managerial Accounting 4

    UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
    Title

    Suggested Unit Resources

    In order to access the following resource, click the link below.

    The following video will give you more insights into how the decision is made to accept or reject a special
    order. A transcript and closed-captioning are available once you access the video.

    Edspira. (2020, November 10). Accept or reject special order [Video]. cielo24.

    https://c24.page/ra9hkry55h5fnhs79nybykfcze

    [https://c24.page/ra9hkry55h5fnhs79nybykfcze](https://c24.page/ra9hkry55h5fnhs79nybykfcze)

    – Course Learning Outcomes for Unit IV
    – Required Unit Resources
    – Unit Lesson

    – Introduction
    – Relevant Costs
    – Joint Product Decisions
    – Pricing

    – Suggested Unit Resources

    **Unit4ch7pdf.pdf**

    This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/unit4ch7pdf-pdf)

    **Unit4ch8pdf.pdf**

    This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/unit4ch8pdf-pdf)

    **Unit4ch8pdf.pdf**

    This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/unit4ch8pdf-pdf)

    **## Unit4managerialacctstudyguide.pdf**

    ACC 3301, Managerial Accounting 1

    Course Learning Outcomes for Unit IV

    Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:

    7. Analyze problems in managerial decision-making regarding cost planning and control.
    7.1 Demonstrate how incremental analysis is used in managerial decision-making.
    7.2 Discuss various factors managers must consider when setting prices for products.

    Required Unit Resources

    Chapter 7: Incremental Analysis—Read the following sections:

    • Decision-Making and Incremental Analysis
    • Special Orders
    • Make or Buy
    • Sell or Process Further
    • Repair, Retain, or Replace Equipment
    • Eliminate Unprofitable Segment or Product

    Chapter 8: Pricing—Read the following sections:

    • Target Costing
    • Cost-Plus and Variable-Cost Pricing
    • Time-and-Material Pricing
    • Transfer Prices

    In order to access the following resources, click the links below.

    Chapter 7 PowerPoint Presentation
    PDF of Chapter 7 Presentation

    Chapter 8 PowerPoint Presentation
    PDF of Chapter 8 Presentation

    Unit Lesson

    Introduction

    In Unit III, we focused mainly on the activity-based costing and cost-volume-profit analysis. In this unit, we will
    shift our studies to incremental analysis and pricing. A manager has many tasks to do in their daily job. Some
    of these tasks involve evaluating different options and choosing the best one based on cost factors. When
    was the last time you had to decide between making dinner or going out to eat? When is the last time you had
    to choose between buying a new car or getting your current one repaired? These are just a few examples of
    how we are faced with incremental analysis decisions.

    Relevant Costs

    The key to making such decisions is understanding the differences between relevant and non-relevant costs.
    Opportunity costs represent the benefit that could have been obtained by pursuing an alternative course of
    action. For instance, assume that you give up a summer job that pays $5,000 and instead take summer
    classes. The $5,000 would be viewed as an opportunity cost of attending summer school. Even though

    UNIT IV STUDY GUIDE
    Incremental Analysis and Pricing

    [https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/bbcswebdav/xid-150482616_1](https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/bbcswebdav/xid-150482616_1)

    [https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/bbcswebdav/xid-150483056_1](https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/bbcswebdav/xid-150483056_1)

    [https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/bbcswebdav/xid-150482618_1](https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/bbcswebdav/xid-150482618_1)

    [https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/bbcswebdav/xid-150483057_1](https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/bbcswebdav/xid-150483057_1)

    ACC 3301, Managerial Accounting 2

    UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
    Title

    opportunity costs are not recorded in a company’s accounting records, they are important issues to consider
    in business decisions. Unfortunately, they are sometimes not known at the time the decision is made.

    Sunk costs, on the other hand, represent costs that have already been incurred and cannot be changed by
    future actions. For instance, a company’s investment in a canned foods warehouse is a sunk cost. This cost
    will not change regardless of whether the company rents out the warehouse, continues operations, or decides
    to let the building go vacant. The only costs relevant to a decision are those that vary among the courses of
    action being considered. Sunk costs are not considered relevant since they cannot be changed, regardless of
    what decision is made.

    When it comes to incremental analysis, there are many decisions to be considered. For instance, special
    order decisions occur when a company receives large special orders to provide goods at less than regular
    price. Most of the time, these orders are not from a company’s regular customers. The relevant costs in this
    type of decision are the incremental revenues that will be earned and the incremental costs that will be
    incurred by accepting the order. Incremental analysis is a useful tool in evaluating the effects of expected
    short-term changes in revenue and costs. Managers should always be alert, however, to the long-run
    implications of their actions.

    Another type of incremental analysis involves make-or-buy decisions. In many manufacturing firms, the
    company must decide whether to make a certain part required in the assembly of a good or buy the part from
    outside suppliers. If the company is currently producing a part that could be purchased at a lower cost from
    outsiders, profits may be increased by a decision to buy the part and utilize the company’s own manufacturing
    resources for other purposes.

    View the following video by accessing the Unit IV Additional Unit Resources folder in the unit.

    To learn more about how to use incremental analysis for a make-or-buy decision, please view the Applied
    Skills Video: How to Use Incremental Analysis Related to Make or Buy, and Consider Opportunity Cost video.
    Once you click on the link, closed captioning can be accessed by clicking the “CC” button on the bottom right
    of the video window, and a transcript can be accessed by clicking the “T” button next to the “CC” button.

    Additionally, a common issue companies face is what to do with obsolete or defective products. Management
    must decide whether to devote the resources to rebuild these units, sell them at a reduced price, or simply
    scrap them. In the aviation industry, it is common for companies to rework parts that are found to be defective
    instead of purchasing new ones. It certainly reduces overall manufacturing costs and overall waste.

    Joint Product Decisions

    Many firms produce multiple products from common raw materials and a shared production process.
    Examples include oil refineries, lumber and steel mills, and meat processing companies. Products resulting
    from a shared manufacturing process are termed joint products, and the manufacturing costs that relate to
    these products as a group are called joint costs. In such manufacturing processes, two business issues arise.
    One is how to allocate joint costs among the various types of products manufactured. The other type of
    decision is whether some types of products should be processed further to create an even more valuable
    finished good.

    What are joint costs? Assume that Daisy Co. mixes together milk and cream. After joint manufacturing costs
    of $3,000 have been incurred, this mixture separates into two viable products: ice cream and whipping cream.
    How is the $3,000 in joint costs allocated between these products? While there is no right or wrong way to
    allocate the joint costs, the most commonly used method is in proportion to the relative sales value of the
    products produced.

    Once joint costs can be separated, they have reached what is called the split-off point. At this point, each
    product may be sold independently of the other, or it may be processed further. When we consider the Daisy
    Co. example, the company may sell its ice cream and whipping cream after the split-off point without further
    processing, or it may continue processing either of the products further. The decision of whether to sell the ice
    cream and whipping cream or to continue processing them into something else is based on the incremental
    costs and revenue expected after the split-off point.

    ACC 3301, Managerial Accounting 3

    UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
    Title

    To learn more about joint product costs and the split-off profit, please view the video below. A transcript and
    closed captioning are available once you access the video.

    Joint Product Costs and the Splitoff Point video

    Pricing

    What type of pricing decisions are involved in managerial accounting? We all know that setting the price for a
    company’s product or service is a very significant decision. It is also a very difficult process to manage due to
    the number and variety of influences involved. The pricing decision arises in virtually all types of
    organizations. Manufacturers set prices for the products they manufacture while merchandising firms set
    prices for their goods. Service firms also establish prices for the services they provide, such as movie tickets,
    hair salons, and insurance policies. Pricing a product or service that a company has sold for a long time may
    be quite different from pricing a new product or service. Public utilities and cable companies face political
    issues in pricing their products and services because their prices must adhere to certain governmental
    regulations.

    There are several ways to price a product. Managers must rely on a quick and straightforward method for
    setting prices through cost-based pricing formulas. Even though market considerations may determine the
    final product price, a cost-based pricing formula gives the manager a place to start. Most importantly, the cost
    of a product or service provides a floor below which the price cannot be set in the long run. Although a
    product may be initially set below cost, a product’s price ultimately must cover its costs in order for the firm to
    remain in business. Even a nonprofit organization cannot forever price products or services below their costs.

    Cost-plus pricing is based on the initial cost of a product or service plus a markup percentage that is applied
    to it. The markup used would be based on all built-in costs plus a certain margin level that would cover excess
    expenses related back to the company. The cost-plus method can be used effectively within an organization
    as long as careful consideration is given to the cost factors built into the initial product or service. It is
    imperative that price-setting managers understand that ultimately the price must cover all costs and normal
    profit margin. Cost-plus pricing formulas establish a starting point in setting prices. Then, the price setter must
    weigh market conditions, likely actions of competitors, and general business conditions. Thus, price setting
    requires a constant interplay of market considerations and cost awareness.

    Alternatively, target costing is the process of determining the maximum allowable cost for a new product and
    then developing a prototype that can be profitably made for that maximum target cost figure. How is the target
    cost computed? We have to start with the anticipated selling price and then deduct the desired profit:

    Target cost = anticipated selling price – desired profit

    Why is target costing used? It was developed in recognition of two important characteristics of markets and
    costs. The first is based on the fact that many companies have less control over price than they would like to
    think. The market determines price, and a company that attempts to ignore this does so at its peril. Thus, the
    anticipated market price is taken as a given in target costing. The second thing to note is that most of a
    product’s cost is determined in the design stage. Once a product is designed and has gone through
    production, not much can be done to reduce its cost.

    Most of the opportunities to lower the cost come from designing the product so that it is simple to make, uses
    inexpensive parts, and is robust and reliable. If a firm has little control over market price and cost once the
    product has started production, then it follows that the major opportunities for affecting profit come in the
    design stage where valuable features that customers are willing to pay for can be added and where most of
    the costs are really determined. The effort is concentrated in the designing and developing stages of the
    product. The difference between target costing and other popular methods is significant. Instead of designing
    a product and then finding out how much it costs, the target cost is set first and then the product is designed
    so that the target cost is attained. What a great way to tackle costing issues!

    [https://c24.page/g56bf4g7ru9jts6hamgt6dqabs](https://c24.page/g56bf4g7ru9jts6hamgt6dqabs)

    ACC 3301, Managerial Accounting 4

    UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
    Title

    Suggested Unit Resources

    In order to access the following resource, click the link below.

    The following video will give you more insights into how the decision is made to accept or reject a special
    order. A transcript and closed-captioning are available once you access the video.

    Edspira. (2020, November 10). Accept or reject special order [Video]. cielo24.

    https://c24.page/ra9hkry55h5fnhs79nybykfcze

    [https://c24.page/ra9hkry55h5fnhs79nybykfcze](https://c24.page/ra9hkry55h5fnhs79nybykfcze)

    – Course Learning Outcomes for Unit IV
    – Required Unit Resources
    – Unit Lesson

    – Introduction
    – Relevant Costs
    – Joint Product Decisions
    – Pricing

    – Suggested Unit Resources

    **Unit4ch7pdf.pdf**

    This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/unit4ch7pdf-pdf)

    **Unit4ch8pdf.pdf**

    This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/unit4ch8pdf-pdf)

    **## Unit4managerialacctstudyguide.pdf**

    ACC 3301, Managerial Accounting 1

    Course Learning Outcomes for Unit IV

    Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:

    7. Analyze problems in managerial decision-making regarding cost planning and control.
    7.1 Demonstrate how incremental analysis is used in managerial decision-making.
    7.2 Discuss various factors managers must consider when setting prices for products.

    Required Unit Resources

    Chapter 7: Incremental Analysis—Read the following sections:

    • Decision-Making and Incremental Analysis
    • Special Orders
    • Make or Buy
    • Sell or Process Further
    • Repair, Retain, or Replace Equipment
    • Eliminate Unprofitable Segment or Product

    Chapter 8: Pricing—Read the following sections:

    • Target Costing
    • Cost-Plus and Variable-Cost Pricing
    • Time-and-Material Pricing
    • Transfer Prices

    In order to access the following resources, click the links below.

    Chapter 7 PowerPoint Presentation
    PDF of Chapter 7 Presentation

    Chapter 8 PowerPoint Presentation
    PDF of Chapter 8 Presentation

    Unit Lesson

    Introduction

    In Unit III, we focused mainly on the activity-based costing and cost-volume-profit analysis. In this unit, we will
    shift our studies to incremental analysis and pricing. A manager has many tasks to do in their daily job. Some
    of these tasks involve evaluating different options and choosing the best one based on cost factors. When
    was the last time you had to decide between making dinner or going out to eat? When is the last time you had
    to choose between buying a new car or getting your current one repaired? These are just a few examples of
    how we are faced with incremental analysis decisions.

    Relevant Costs

    The key to making such decisions is understanding the differences between relevant and non-relevant costs.
    Opportunity costs represent the benefit that could have been obtained by pursuing an alternative course of
    action. For instance, assume that you give up a summer job that pays $5,000 and instead take summer
    classes. The $5,000 would be viewed as an opportunity cost of attending summer school. Even though

    UNIT IV STUDY GUIDE
    Incremental Analysis and Pricing

    [https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/bbcswebdav/xid-150482616_1](https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/bbcswebdav/xid-150482616_1)

    [https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/bbcswebdav/xid-150483056_1](https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/bbcswebdav/xid-150483056_1)

    [https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/bbcswebdav/xid-150482618_1](https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/bbcswebdav/xid-150482618_1)

    [https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/bbcswebdav/xid-150483057_1](https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/bbcswebdav/xid-150483057_1)

    ACC 3301, Managerial Accounting 2

    UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
    Title

    opportunity costs are not recorded in a company’s accounting records, they are important issues to consider
    in business decisions. Unfortunately, they are sometimes not known at the time the decision is made.

    Sunk costs, on the other hand, represent costs that have already been incurred and cannot be changed by
    future actions. For instance, a company’s investment in a canned foods warehouse is a sunk cost. This cost
    will not change regardless of whether the company rents out the warehouse, continues operations, or decides
    to let the building go vacant. The only costs relevant to a decision are those that vary among the courses of
    action being considered. Sunk costs are not considered relevant since they cannot be changed, regardless of
    what decision is made.

    When it comes to incremental analysis, there are many decisions to be considered. For instance, special
    order decisions occur when a company receives large special orders to provide goods at less than regular
    price. Most of the time, these orders are not from a company’s regular customers. The relevant costs in this
    type of decision are the incremental revenues that will be earned and the incremental costs that will be
    incurred by accepting the order. Incremental analysis is a useful tool in evaluating the effects of expected
    short-term changes in revenue and costs. Managers should always be alert, however, to the long-run
    implications of their actions.

    Another type of incremental analysis involves make-or-buy decisions. In many manufacturing firms, the
    company must decide whether to make a certain part required in the assembly of a good or buy the part from
    outside suppliers. If the company is currently producing a part that could be purchased at a lower cost from
    outsiders, profits may be increased by a decision to buy the part and utilize the company’s own manufacturing
    resources for other purposes.

    View the following video by accessing the Unit IV Additional Unit Resources folder in the unit.

    To learn more about how to use incremental analysis for a make-or-buy decision, please view the Applied
    Skills Video: How to Use Incremental Analysis Related to Make or Buy, and Consider Opportunity Cost video.
    Once you click on the link, closed captioning can be accessed by clicking the “CC” button on the bottom right
    of the video window, and a transcript can be accessed by clicking the “T” button next to the “CC” button.

    Additionally, a common issue companies face is what to do with obsolete or defective products. Management
    must decide whether to devote the resources to rebuild these units, sell them at a reduced price, or simply
    scrap them. In the aviation industry, it is common for companies to rework parts that are found to be defective
    instead of purchasing new ones. It certainly reduces overall manufacturing costs and overall waste.

    Joint Product Decisions

    Many firms produce multiple products from common raw materials and a shared production process.
    Examples include oil refineries, lumber and steel mills, and meat processing companies. Products resulting
    from a shared manufacturing process are termed joint products, and the manufacturing costs that relate to
    these products as a group are called joint costs. In such manufacturing processes, two business issues arise.
    One is how to allocate joint costs among the various types of products manufactured. The other type of
    decision is whether some types of products should be processed further to create an even more valuable
    finished good.

    What are joint costs? Assume that Daisy Co. mixes together milk and cream. After joint manufacturing costs
    of $3,000 have been incurred, this mixture separates into two viable products: ice cream and whipping cream.
    How is the $3,000 in joint costs allocated between these products? While there is no right or wrong way to
    allocate the joint costs, the most commonly used method is in proportion to the relative sales value of the
    products produced.

    Once joint costs can be separated, they have reached what is called the split-off point. At this point, each
    product may be sold independently of the other, or it may be processed further. When we consider the Daisy
    Co. example, the company may sell its ice cream and whipping cream after the split-off point without further
    processing, or it may continue processing either of the products further. The decision of whether to sell the ice
    cream and whipping cream or to continue processing them into something else is based on the incremental
    costs and revenue expected after the split-off point.

    ACC 3301, Managerial Accounting 3

    UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
    Title

    To learn more about joint product costs and the split-off profit, please view the video below. A transcript and
    closed captioning are available once you access the video.

    Joint Product Costs and the Splitoff Point video

    Pricing

    What type of pricing decisions are involved in managerial accounting? We all know that setting the price for a
    company’s product or service is a very significant decision. It is also a very difficult process to manage due to
    the number and variety of influences involved. The pricing decision arises in virtually all types of
    organizations. Manufacturers set prices for the products they manufacture while merchandising firms set
    prices for their goods. Service firms also establish prices for the services they provide, such as movie tickets,
    hair salons, and insurance policies. Pricing a product or service that a company has sold for a long time may
    be quite different from pricing a new product or service. Public utilities and cable companies face political
    issues in pricing their products and services because their prices must adhere to certain governmental
    regulations.

    There are several ways to price a product. Managers must rely on a quick and straightforward method for
    setting prices through cost-based pricing formulas. Even though market considerations may determine the
    final product price, a cost-based pricing formula gives the manager a place to start. Most importantly, the cost
    of a product or service provides a floor below which the price cannot be set in the long run. Although a
    product may be initially set below cost, a product’s price ultimately must cover its costs in order for the firm to
    remain in business. Even a nonprofit organization cannot forever price products or services below their costs.

    Cost-plus pricing is based on the initial cost of a product or service plus a markup percentage that is applied
    to it. The markup used would be based on all built-in costs plus a certain margin level that would cover excess
    expenses related back to the company. The cost-plus method can be used effectively within an organization
    as long as careful consideration is given to the cost factors built into the initial product or service. It is
    imperative that price-setting managers understand that ultimately the price must cover all costs and normal
    profit margin. Cost-plus pricing formulas establish a starting point in setting prices. Then, the price setter must
    weigh market conditions, likely actions of competitors, and general business conditions. Thus, price setting
    requires a constant interplay of market considerations and cost awareness.

    Alternatively, target costing is the process of determining the maximum allowable cost for a new product and
    then developing a prototype that can be profitably made for that maximum target cost figure. How is the target
    cost computed? We have to start with the anticipated selling price and then deduct the desired profit:

    Target cost = anticipated selling price – desired profit

    Why is target costing used? It was developed in recognition of two important characteristics of markets and
    costs. The first is based on the fact that many companies have less control over price than they would like to
    think. The market determines price, and a company that attempts to ignore this does so at its peril. Thus, the
    anticipated market price is taken as a given in target costing. The second thing to note is that most of a
    product’s cost is determined in the design stage. Once a product is designed and has gone through
    production, not much can be done to reduce its cost.

    Most of the opportunities to lower the cost come from designing the product so that it is simple to make, uses
    inexpensive parts, and is robust and reliable. If a firm has little control over market price and cost once the
    product has started production, then it follows that the major opportunities for affecting profit come in the
    design stage where valuable features that customers are willing to pay for can be added and where most of
    the costs are really determined. The effort is concentrated in the designing and developing stages of the
    product. The difference between target costing and other popular methods is significant. Instead of designing
    a product and then finding out how much it costs, the target cost is set first and then the product is designed
    so that the target cost is attained. What a great way to tackle costing issues!

    [https://c24.page/g56bf4g7ru9jts6hamgt6dqabs](https://c24.page/g56bf4g7ru9jts6hamgt6dqabs)

    ACC 3301, Managerial Accounting 4

    UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
    Title

    Suggested Unit Resources

    In order to access the following resource, click the link below.

    The following video will give you more insights into how the decision is made to accept or reject a special
    order. A transcript and closed-captioning are available once you access the video.

    Edspira. (2020, November 10). Accept or reject special order [Video]. cielo24.

    https://c24.page/ra9hkry55h5fnhs79nybykfcze

    [https://c24.page/ra9hkry55h5fnhs79nybykfcze](https://c24.page/ra9hkry55h5fnhs79nybykfcze)

    – Course Learning Outcomes for Unit IV
    – Required Unit Resources
    – Unit Lesson

    – Introduction
    – Relevant Costs
    – Joint Product Decisions
    – Pricing

    – Suggested Unit Resources

    **Unit4ch7pdf.pdf**

    This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/unit4ch7pdf-pdf)

    **Unit4ch8pdf.pdf**

    This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/unit4ch8pdf-pdf)

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