Tag: Model Answer

  • [Solved] 2-2

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    – a year ago **files (1)** – ## -2.docx **## -2.docx** ssay #2: Explain how the business concept of branding applies to terrorist groups, their membership, operations, targets, and funding. Each essay is to be about 2000 words. Footnotes or end notes are required; Author-Date In-text Citations must …

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    – a year ago

    **files (1)**

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    **## -2.docx**

    ssay #2: Explain how the business concept of branding applies to terrorist groups, their membership, operations, targets, and funding.

    Each essay is to be about 2000 words. Footnotes or end notes are required; Author-Date In-text Citations must include page numbers. e.g. (Smith, 154). The content is to be typed, double-spaced, font 12. The assignment must have appropriate footnotes or endnotes in Chicago (preferred), APA, or MLA style documentation. A bibliography is optional. Ensure your PDF version correctly displays your footnotes or endnotes after converting to PDF. The cover page, endnotes, and bibliography (if used) do not count in the word count. The naming convention for the PDF file is lastnamePSCI6661essay#.pdf (the last name being the student's last name and Essay # being, e.g., Essay#1, Essay#2, etc.) All submissions must include the student's name, course number, and title on the cover page.

    Guidelines for Grading Your Essays: The highest grades will go to appropriately structured essays that accomplish the following: 1) substantively answers the question (60% of the grade); 2) correctly uses concepts and terminology from the class (20% of the grade); 3) is grammatically correct and error-free (10% of the grade). Following these submission directions precisely is worth 10% of the grade.

    **## -2.docx**

    ssay #2: Explain how the business concept of branding applies to terrorist groups, their membership, operations, targets, and funding.

    Each essay is to be about 2000 words. Footnotes or end notes are required; Author-Date In-text Citations must include page numbers. e.g. (Smith, 154). The content is to be typed, double-spaced, font 12. The assignment must have appropriate footnotes or endnotes in Chicago (preferred), APA, or MLA style documentation. A bibliography is optional. Ensure your PDF version correctly displays your footnotes or endnotes after converting to PDF. The cover page, endnotes, and bibliography (if used) do not count in the word count. The naming convention for the PDF file is lastnamePSCI6661essay#.pdf (the last name being the student's last name and Essay # being, e.g., Essay#1, Essay#2, etc.) All submissions must include the student's name, course number, and title on the cover page.

    Guidelines for Grading Your Essays: The highest grades will go to appropriately structured essays that accomplish the following: 1) substantively answers the question (60% of the grade); 2) correctly uses concepts and terminology from the class (20% of the grade); 3) is grammatically correct and error-free (10% of the grade). Following these submission directions precisely is worth 10% of the grade.

  • [Solved] 1-2

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    – a year ago **files (1)** – ## 1.docx **## 1.docx** [**I 6661 Essay #1**](https://hpu.blackboard.com/webapps/assignment/uploadAssignment?content_id=_2644799_1&course_id=_78028_1&group_id=&mode=view) Essay #1: Explain the complexity of defining terrorism and the impact of the definition on the creat…

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    – a year ago

    **files (1)**

    – ## 1.docx

    **## 1.docx**

    [**I 6661 Essay #1**](https://hpu.blackboard.com/webapps/assignment/uploadAssignment?content_id=_2644799_1&course_id=_78028_1&group_id=&mode=view)

    Essay #1: Explain the complexity of defining terrorism and the impact of the definition on the creation and execution of an effective counterterrorism strategy.

    The goal is for you to author an appropriately researched and formatted argumentative essay that answers the question posed in the assignment. Each essay is to be about 2000 words. Footnotes or end notes are required; Author-Date In-text Citations must include page numbers. e.g. (Smith, 154). The content is to be typed, double-spaced, font 12. The assignment must have appropriate footnotes or endnotes in Chicago (preferred), APA, or MLA style documentation. A bibliography is optional. Ensure your PDF version correctly displays your footnotes or endnotes after converting to PDF. The cover page, endnotes, and bibliography (if used) do not count in the word count. The naming convention for the PDF file is lastnamePSCI6661essay#.pdf (the last name being the student's last name and Essay # being, e.g., Essay#1, Essay#2, etc.) All submissions must include the student's name, course number, and title on the cover page.

    Guidelines for Grading Your Essays: The highest grades will go to appropriately structured essays that accomplish the following: 1) substantively answers the question (60% of the grade); 2) correctly uses concepts and terminology from the class (20% of the grade); 3) is grammatically correct and error-free (10% of the grade). Following these submission directions precisely is worth 10% of the grade.

    **## 1.docx**

    [**I 6661 Essay #1**](https://hpu.blackboard.com/webapps/assignment/uploadAssignment?content_id=_2644799_1&course_id=_78028_1&group_id=&mode=view)

    Essay #1: Explain the complexity of defining terrorism and the impact of the definition on the creation and execution of an effective counterterrorism strategy.

    The goal is for you to author an appropriately researched and formatted argumentative essay that answers the question posed in the assignment. Each essay is to be about 2000 words. Footnotes or end notes are required; Author-Date In-text Citations must include page numbers. e.g. (Smith, 154). The content is to be typed, double-spaced, font 12. The assignment must have appropriate footnotes or endnotes in Chicago (preferred), APA, or MLA style documentation. A bibliography is optional. Ensure your PDF version correctly displays your footnotes or endnotes after converting to PDF. The cover page, endnotes, and bibliography (if used) do not count in the word count. The naming convention for the PDF file is lastnamePSCI6661essay#.pdf (the last name being the student's last name and Essay # being, e.g., Essay#1, Essay#2, etc.) All submissions must include the student's name, course number, and title on the cover page.

    Guidelines for Grading Your Essays: The highest grades will go to appropriately structured essays that accomplish the following: 1) substantively answers the question (60% of the grade); 2) correctly uses concepts and terminology from the class (20% of the grade); 3) is grammatically correct and error-free (10% of the grade). Following these submission directions precisely is worth 10% of the grade.

  • [Solved] art

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  • [Solved] press ganey

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    After looking at the Press Ganey examples post your answers to the following questions: – What is surprising to you about the comments? – What will you do about any concerns listed above? – What is the economic impact of these comments? – What is a common theme of the categories on the satisfaction …

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    Assignment Prompt & Instructions

    After looking at the Press Ganey examples post your answers to the following questions:

    – What is surprising to you about the comments?
    – What will you do about any concerns listed above?
    – What is the economic impact of these comments?
    – What is a common theme of the categories on the satisfaction survey?

    need APA style with two references

    – [\
    \
    PressGaneyExampleofPatientSatisfactionResponses.pdf](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/pressganeyexampleofpatientsatisfactionresponses-pdf "PressGaneyExampleofPatientSatisfactionResponses.pdf")

    – a year ago

  • [Solved] java code program

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    [>Java homework help](https://www.sweetstudy.com/fields/computer-science-java) – a year ago **files (1)** – ## ClassProject-DiceGame.pdf **## ClassProject-DiceGame.pdf** CS1083 – Programming 1 for Computer Scientists Class Project – Dice Game Objectives The goal of this project is to help the studen…

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    [>Java homework help](https://www.sweetstudy.com/fields/computer-science-java)

    – a year ago

    **files (1)**

    – ## ClassProject-DiceGame.pdf

    **## ClassProject-DiceGame.pdf**

    CS1083 – Programming 1 for Computer Scientists

    Class Project – Dice Game

    Objectives

    The goal of this project is to help the student bring together all of the concepts learned
    throughout this course. The following are the main concepts for the project:

    • Use of local and global variables
    • Understanding data types and data type conversions
    • Use of arithmetic expressions
    • Use of if/else/switch statements
    • Use of for loops, while loops
    • Use of arrays
    • Use of Scanner for user inputs
    • File I/O
    • State driven logic
    • Use of methods

    Hand-in Requirements

    All projects will be submitted electronically only via Canvas. Students will compress their
    project directory and submit as a zip file. The zip file must contain at least the following file:

    • DiceGameAbc123.java

    Where “Abc123” should be replaced by your actual abc123. If your project requires any
    other files for loading saved state resources, you must include those as well.

    Game Logic

    The program will emulate a modified version of the dice game like “craps”. Craps use two
    six-sided dice containing numbers 1 through 6. Craps is played according to the following
    rules:

    1. The Come-out Roll aka “the first roll” of the two six-sided dice:
    • If the sum of the numbers on the dice is either 7 or 11; the player wins and

    the game is over.

    • If the sum of the numbers on the dice is either 2, 3 or 12; the player loses,
    and the game is over. (aka crap out)

    • If the sum of the numbers on the dice is any other number, that number
    becomes the point, and the game continues

    2. Follow-up rolls, aka “rolling the point”:
    • If the initial roll results in a point, the player will continue to roll the dice and

    win every time they roll the same point.
    • If the player rolls any other number that is not “the point” or “7”, the game

    continues to the next roll
    • If the player rolls a “7”, the game is over. (aka 7 out)

    3. Betting: to keep things simple, betting and winning will be modified from traditional
    rules

    • Before the initial roll, the player must place a bet up to their current bank roll.
    The program must check to see if they still have money in their bank roll.

    • Once a bet has been placed, the player can win an equal amount (1:1) based
    on the rules set up in steps 1 and 2.

    • A player will lose only the amount they bet, not their cumulative winnings,
    based on the rules in steps 1 and 2.

    Tasks

    1. Create method(s) game menus with the following information:
    a. An intro message: i.e. “Welcome to Juan’s Dice Game: Main Menu” (replace

    Juan with your name)
    b. Main Menu Options

    i. “Log In”
    1. Allow the user to enter a username. No password required

    ii. “Register”
    1. Allow the user to create a new account

    iii. “Quit”
    1. Ends the game and quits the program

    c. Game Menu Options; update the intro message to reflect this menu location
    i. “View Bank Roll”

    ii. “Place the bet”
    iii. “Roll the dice”
    iv. “Back to Main Menu”

    2. Create a method(s) to handle the game logic based on the rules defined in the
    ‘Game Logic’ section of this document.

    3. Create a method(s) to handle the registration
    4. Create a method(s) to handle the log in

    Details

    Register Logic:

    The user will be allowed to register using an email address, first and last name. This
    information will be stored in a file, along with an initial bank roll of $500. Your program must
    check to make sure that each user’s email address is only used once, duplicates are not
    allowed. First and last names must also only contain alphabet letters. Appropriate error
    messages must be displayed for any input errors encountered. Once the user is registered,
    the main game options must be displayed.

    Log in Logic:

    The user will be allowed to log in by entering an email address. The program must look for
    this data stored in a file; if the data is found, the main game options are displayed. Your
    program must load the remaining bank roll from file. If the data is not found, an appropriate
    error message must be displayed instructing the user to register before proceeding. If the
    user’s bank roll is $0, an error message must be displayed letting the user know they can no
    longer play. If the data is found and the bank roll is greater than $0, proceed to the main
    game menu.

    View Bank Roll Logic:

    The user will be allowed to view their current bank roll only in between current playing
    sessions, that is prior to the initial roll or after they win or crap out/7 out. The bank roll must
    reflect current wins/losses based on game play. This data should be stored in a file to
    prevent data loss.

    Place bet logic:

    The user will be allowed to enter any positive whole integer, up to their current bank roll.
    This is the number that will be used to calculate winnings and losses. The program must

    check to make sure this number is not greater than their bank roll; present an error
    message otherwise. The program must also check for valid integer values, present error
    message otherwise.

    Roll the dice logic:

    Based on the game logic section of this document, the program must calculate the
    winnings based on the amount of each bet.

    The Come-Roll example:

    If the bet is $50 and the player rolls a 7 on the first roll, a message will be displayed
    letting the user know they rolled a 7 (with each individual number rolled: i.e.: 6-1, 4-
    3, 2-5) on the come-out roll and the player has won an amount equal to their bet,
    which is immediately added to their bank roll. Their bet is also added back to their
    bank roll and the player is presented with the game menu options.

    The Craps-out roll example:

    If the bet is $50 and the player craps out on the initial roll, a message is displayed to
    the user letting them know what was rolled (each individual dice) and that they crap
    out and lost, then the $50 is immediately deducted from their bank roll and the
    player is presented with the game menu option.

    Follow-up (“point”) Roll example:

    If the bet is $50 and the player rolls an 8, this number becomes the point; a message
    must be displayed to the player displaying the number they rolled (each individual
    dice) to let them know this is the point. The player will be prompted to roll again,
    each roll will be displayed to the player. If this new number matches the point, a
    message must be displayed to the player that they rolled the point number and have
    won an amount equal to their bet, this amount is immediately added to their bank
    roll. The player must roll again. This process continues until the player rolls a 7 (7-
    out), at which point a message is displayed to the player with the dice roll and that
    they 7-out and lose their initial bet. This initial bet is immediately deducted from
    their bank roll and the player is presented with the game menu option.

    Back to main menu logic:

    This menu option will be treated as the end to the gaming session, meaning that the user is
    done playing and will be logged out. The program must save all appropriate data to file to
    be used if the user decides to log in later. This menu option does not end the program, only
    the game session.

    Quit Logic:

    Stop the program.

    Rubric

    • Methods: [35 points]
    o All your program logic must be done within method calls, that is your public

    main should only contain global variable/constant declarations as well as
    method calls. [30 points]

    o Methods should call other methods for code re-usability, for example, there
    should be a roll dice method that returns each individual dice rolled and their
    sum. [5 points]

    • Game Logic Implementation: [60 points]
    o Register Logic: [10 points]

     Your users must be saved to a file for later processing. You must
    create a users.txt file containing username, first name, last name,
    bank roll (using comma separated values) [5 points]

     Input must be error checked [3 points]
     Duplicate users must be error checked [2 points]

    o Log In Logic: [10 points]
     User must be prompted to enter a username (email) [2 points]
     If the username is not found, display an error message [2 point]
     If the username is found, load data into variables and proceed [6

    points]
    o View Bank Roll Logic: [2 points]

     The user will be able to see how much money is in their bank roll,
    updated with by most current gaming session [1 point]

     Bank roll can only be viewed in between gaming sessions [1 point]
    o Place Bet Logic: [3 points]

     Check to make sure input is positive integer only [1 point]
     Display error message on invalid input [1 point]
     Display error message when bet placed is larger than current bank roll

    [1 point]
    o Roll Dice Logic: [35 points]

     The “come roll” [10 points]
    • Check to make sure there is a valid current bet [1 point]
    • Display error message if there is no valid current bet [1 point]
    • Display each dice rolled along with their sum [1 point]
    • Display the message when the user wins and how much they

    won [5 points]
    • Add both the winnings and their bet back to their bank roll [1

    point]
    • Send user back to main game menu [1 point]

     The “Craps out” roll [10 points]
    • Check to make sure there is a valid current bet [1 point]
    • Display error message if there is no valid current bet [1 point]
    • Display each dice rolled along with their sum [1 point]
    • Display the message when the user loses and how much they

    lost [5 points]
    • Subtract their losses their bank roll [1 point]
    • Send user back to main game menu [1 point]

     The “point” roll [15 points]
    • Check to make sure there is a valid current bet [1 point]
    • Display error message if there is no valid current bet [1 point]
    • Display each dice rolled along with their sum [1 point]
    • Whenever the point is rolled, display the message that the user

    won and how much they won [5 points]
    • Add the winnings to their bank roll [1 point]
    • Continue until the user rolls a “7 out”, at which point display a

    message that the user has “7 out” and subtract their bet
    amount from their bank roll [5 point]

    • Send user back to main game menu when they “7 out” [1 point]
    • Back to main game menu Logic: [15 points]

    o Take the current bank roll amount and update the users.txt file with the new
    bank roll to the appropriate user. [14 points]

    o Display the main menu [1 point]

    • Quit Logic: [2 point]
    o Present the user with a message that the program is now over [1 point]
    o Stop the program [1 point]

    • Code comments: [23 point]
    o You must use comments on all your code, in particular logic explaining

    functional tasks [10 points]
    o Each method must have a description of what arguments are passed and

    what data and data type is returned (if any) [13 points]
    • Algorithm flow chart: [15 points]

    o You must submit a PDF outlining the flow of your program and include it in
    your zip file along with your source code.

    About Submission

    Late work will not be accepted, NO EXCPETIONS. You may not collaborate or share code
    with fellow students. You must submit your flow diagram as a PDF.

    Use of AI of any kind will result in an IMMEDIATE ZERO on this project and may result in
    expulsion from this class.

    Be prepared to explain your code upon request. Failure to do so will result in a zero for this
    project, no exceptions.

    **## ClassProject-DiceGame.pdf**

    CS1083 – Programming 1 for Computer Scientists

    Class Project – Dice Game

    Objectives

    The goal of this project is to help the student bring together all of the concepts learned
    throughout this course. The following are the main concepts for the project:

    • Use of local and global variables
    • Understanding data types and data type conversions
    • Use of arithmetic expressions
    • Use of if/else/switch statements
    • Use of for loops, while loops
    • Use of arrays
    • Use of Scanner for user inputs
    • File I/O
    • State driven logic
    • Use of methods

    Hand-in Requirements

    All projects will be submitted electronically only via Canvas. Students will compress their
    project directory and submit as a zip file. The zip file must contain at least the following file:

    • DiceGameAbc123.java

    Where “Abc123” should be replaced by your actual abc123. If your project requires any
    other files for loading saved state resources, you must include those as well.

    Game Logic

    The program will emulate a modified version of the dice game like “craps”. Craps use two
    six-sided dice containing numbers 1 through 6. Craps is played according to the following
    rules:

    1. The Come-out Roll aka “the first roll” of the two six-sided dice:
    • If the sum of the numbers on the dice is either 7 or 11; the player wins and

    the game is over.

    • If the sum of the numbers on the dice is either 2, 3 or 12; the player loses,
    and the game is over. (aka crap out)

    • If the sum of the numbers on the dice is any other number, that number
    becomes the point, and the game continues

    2. Follow-up rolls, aka “rolling the point”:
    • If the initial roll results in a point, the player will continue to roll the dice and

    win every time they roll the same point.
    • If the player rolls any other number that is not “the point” or “7”, the game

    continues to the next roll
    • If the player rolls a “7”, the game is over. (aka 7 out)

    3. Betting: to keep things simple, betting and winning will be modified from traditional
    rules

    • Before the initial roll, the player must place a bet up to their current bank roll.
    The program must check to see if they still have money in their bank roll.

    • Once a bet has been placed, the player can win an equal amount (1:1) based
    on the rules set up in steps 1 and 2.

    • A player will lose only the amount they bet, not their cumulative winnings,
    based on the rules in steps 1 and 2.

    Tasks

    1. Create method(s) game menus with the following information:
    a. An intro message: i.e. “Welcome to Juan’s Dice Game: Main Menu” (replace

    Juan with your name)
    b. Main Menu Options

    i. “Log In”
    1. Allow the user to enter a username. No password required

    ii. “Register”
    1. Allow the user to create a new account

    iii. “Quit”
    1. Ends the game and quits the program

    c. Game Menu Options; update the intro message to reflect this menu location
    i. “View Bank Roll”

    ii. “Place the bet”
    iii. “Roll the dice”
    iv. “Back to Main Menu”

    2. Create a method(s) to handle the game logic based on the rules defined in the
    ‘Game Logic’ section of this document.

    3. Create a method(s) to handle the registration
    4. Create a method(s) to handle the log in

    Details

    Register Logic:

    The user will be allowed to register using an email address, first and last name. This
    information will be stored in a file, along with an initial bank roll of $500. Your program must
    check to make sure that each user’s email address is only used once, duplicates are not
    allowed. First and last names must also only contain alphabet letters. Appropriate error
    messages must be displayed for any input errors encountered. Once the user is registered,
    the main game options must be displayed.

    Log in Logic:

    The user will be allowed to log in by entering an email address. The program must look for
    this data stored in a file; if the data is found, the main game options are displayed. Your
    program must load the remaining bank roll from file. If the data is not found, an appropriate
    error message must be displayed instructing the user to register before proceeding. If the
    user’s bank roll is $0, an error message must be displayed letting the user know they can no
    longer play. If the data is found and the bank roll is greater than $0, proceed to the main
    game menu.

    View Bank Roll Logic:

    The user will be allowed to view their current bank roll only in between current playing
    sessions, that is prior to the initial roll or after they win or crap out/7 out. The bank roll must
    reflect current wins/losses based on game play. This data should be stored in a file to
    prevent data loss.

    Place bet logic:

    The user will be allowed to enter any positive whole integer, up to their current bank roll.
    This is the number that will be used to calculate winnings and losses. The program must

    check to make sure this number is not greater than their bank roll; present an error
    message otherwise. The program must also check for valid integer values, present error
    message otherwise.

    Roll the dice logic:

    Based on the game logic section of this document, the program must calculate the
    winnings based on the amount of each bet.

    The Come-Roll example:

    If the bet is $50 and the player rolls a 7 on the first roll, a message will be displayed
    letting the user know they rolled a 7 (with each individual number rolled: i.e.: 6-1, 4-
    3, 2-5) on the come-out roll and the player has won an amount equal to their bet,
    which is immediately added to their bank roll. Their bet is also added back to their
    bank roll and the player is presented with the game menu options.

    The Craps-out roll example:

    If the bet is $50 and the player craps out on the initial roll, a message is displayed to
    the user letting them know what was rolled (each individual dice) and that they crap
    out and lost, then the $50 is immediately deducted from their bank roll and the
    player is presented with the game menu option.

    Follow-up (“point”) Roll example:

    If the bet is $50 and the player rolls an 8, this number becomes the point; a message
    must be displayed to the player displaying the number they rolled (each individual
    dice) to let them know this is the point. The player will be prompted to roll again,
    each roll will be displayed to the player. If this new number matches the point, a
    message must be displayed to the player that they rolled the point number and have
    won an amount equal to their bet, this amount is immediately added to their bank
    roll. The player must roll again. This process continues until the player rolls a 7 (7-
    out), at which point a message is displayed to the player with the dice roll and that
    they 7-out and lose their initial bet. This initial bet is immediately deducted from
    their bank roll and the player is presented with the game menu option.

    Back to main menu logic:

    This menu option will be treated as the end to the gaming session, meaning that the user is
    done playing and will be logged out. The program must save all appropriate data to file to
    be used if the user decides to log in later. This menu option does not end the program, only
    the game session.

    Quit Logic:

    Stop the program.

    Rubric

    • Methods: [35 points]
    o All your program logic must be done within method calls, that is your public

    main should only contain global variable/constant declarations as well as
    method calls. [30 points]

    o Methods should call other methods for code re-usability, for example, there
    should be a roll dice method that returns each individual dice rolled and their
    sum. [5 points]

    • Game Logic Implementation: [60 points]
    o Register Logic: [10 points]

     Your users must be saved to a file for later processing. You must
    create a users.txt file containing username, first name, last name,
    bank roll (using comma separated values) [5 points]

     Input must be error checked [3 points]
     Duplicate users must be error checked [2 points]

    o Log In Logic: [10 points]
     User must be prompted to enter a username (email) [2 points]
     If the username is not found, display an error message [2 point]
     If the username is found, load data into variables and proceed [6

    points]
    o View Bank Roll Logic: [2 points]

     The user will be able to see how much money is in their bank roll,
    updated with by most current gaming session [1 point]

     Bank roll can only be viewed in between gaming sessions [1 point]
    o Place Bet Logic: [3 points]

     Check to make sure input is positive integer only [1 point]
     Display error message on invalid input [1 point]
     Display error message when bet placed is larger than current bank roll

    [1 point]
    o Roll Dice Logic: [35 points]

     The “come roll” [10 points]
    • Check to make sure there is a valid current bet [1 point]
    • Display error message if there is no valid current bet [1 point]
    • Display each dice rolled along with their sum [1 point]
    • Display the message when the user wins and how much they

    won [5 points]
    • Add both the winnings and their bet back to their bank roll [1

    point]
    • Send user back to main game menu [1 point]

     The “Craps out” roll [10 points]
    • Check to make sure there is a valid current bet [1 point]
    • Display error message if there is no valid current bet [1 point]
    • Display each dice rolled along with their sum [1 point]
    • Display the message when the user loses and how much they

    lost [5 points]
    • Subtract their losses their bank roll [1 point]
    • Send user back to main game menu [1 point]

     The “point” roll [15 points]
    • Check to make sure there is a valid current bet [1 point]
    • Display error message if there is no valid current bet [1 point]
    • Display each dice rolled along with their sum [1 point]
    • Whenever the point is rolled, display the message that the user

    won and how much they won [5 points]
    • Add the winnings to their bank roll [1 point]
    • Continue until the user rolls a “7 out”, at which point display a

    message that the user has “7 out” and subtract their bet
    amount from their bank roll [5 point]

    • Send user back to main game menu when they “7 out” [1 point]
    • Back to main game menu Logic: [15 points]

    o Take the current bank roll amount and update the users.txt file with the new
    bank roll to the appropriate user. [14 points]

    o Display the main menu [1 point]

    • Quit Logic: [2 point]
    o Present the user with a message that the program is now over [1 point]
    o Stop the program [1 point]

    • Code comments: [23 point]
    o You must use comments on all your code, in particular logic explaining

    functional tasks [10 points]
    o Each method must have a description of what arguments are passed and

    what data and data type is returned (if any) [13 points]
    • Algorithm flow chart: [15 points]

    o You must submit a PDF outlining the flow of your program and include it in
    your zip file along with your source code.

    About Submission

    Late work will not be accepted, NO EXCPETIONS. You may not collaborate or share code
    with fellow students. You must submit your flow diagram as a PDF.

    Use of AI of any kind will result in an IMMEDIATE ZERO on this project and may result in
    expulsion from this class.

    Be prepared to explain your code upon request. Failure to do so will result in a zero for this
    project, no exceptions.

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    According to **DeCoster (1998),** **factor analysis** is a statistical framework utilized to identify **underlying constructs** and **latent relationships** within a **large set of measured variables**. This methodological approach enhances **data interpretation** by systematically grouping correlat…

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    According to **DeCoster (1998),** **factor analysis** is a statistical framework utilized to identify **underlying constructs** and **latent relationships** within a **large set of measured variables**. This methodological approach enhances **data interpretation** by systematically grouping correlated variables into distinct factors, thereby facilitating the development of **psychometrically sound** **assessment instruments.**

    As noted by **Donahue et al. (1991)**, the **Big Five Inventory (BFI)** was developed through **expert ratings** and subsequently validated using **factor analytic methods** applied to **observer personality** **ratings**. Through this process, researchers established the existence of **five distinct subscales**, each representing a fundamental dimension of personality:

    1. **Openness to Experience** – Creativity, curiosity, and willingness to explore new ideas.
    2. **Conscientiousness** – Organization, responsibility, and goal-directed behavior.
    3. **Extraversion** – Sociability, assertiveness, and enthusiasm.
    4. **Agreeableness** – Compassion, cooperation, and interpersonal warmth.
    5. **Neuroticism** – Emotional instability, anxiety, and mood fluctuations.

                 Factor analysis has consistently validated the **five-factor structure** of the **(BFI)** across **diverse populations and cultural contexts**, reinforcing its **psychometric robustness**. The statistical measures employed in these analyses provide **empirical support** for the BFI’s **structural validity,** ensuring that it functions as a **reliable and valid instrument** for assessing fundamental **personality traits** in psychological research.

    **What is the difference between exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis?**

    The difference between **exploratory factor analysis (EFA)** and **confirmatory factor analysis (CFA)** lies in their respective objectives, methodologies, and applications within research. **EFA** is employed to identify **underlying factor structures** without imposing **predefined hypotheses** regarding the number or nature of factors. Researchers using EFA do not specify the relationships between variables and factors beforehand; rather, the analysis uncovers these associations.

         EFA is commonly applied during **early stages of research** to explore **new constructs** or refine **measurement instruments**. It permits variables **to** **load onto multiple factors**, making it particularly suitable for identifying complex factor structures. Ultimately, EFA generates **factor** **loadings,** which indicate the strength of each variable's association with the identified factors, facilitating a deeper understanding of the construct being assessed.

                The distinction between **exploratory factor analysis** **(EFA)** and **confirmatory factor** **analysis (CFA)** lies in their distinct objectives, methodologies, and applications within research. According to **Shur (2006),** CFA is a **statistical technique** utilized to validate the **factor structure** of a set of observed variables, ensuring consistency with a predefined theoretical model.

    In contrast, **EFA** is employed to identify **underlying factor structures** without imposing any prior hypotheses regarding the number or nature of factors. It is an exploratory approach where researchers allow the data to determine the relationships between variables and factors, uncovering latent constructs or patterns. This differentiation makes EFA particularly suitable for early-stage research and CFA more appropriate for hypothesis testing and model validation in later stages.

    EFA is commonly applied during **early stages of research** to explore **new constructs** or refine **measurement instruments**. It permits variables to **load onto multiple factors**, making it particularly suitable for identifying complex factor structures. Ultimately, EFA generates **factor** **loadings,** which indicate the strength of each variable's association with the identified factors, facilitating a deeper understanding of the construct being assessed.

    **Reference**

    John, O. P., Donahue, E. M., & Kentle, R. L. (1991). Big five inventory. _Journal of personality and social psychology_

    DeCoster, J. (1998). Overview of factor analysis.

    Suhr, D. D. (2006). Exploratory or confirmatory factor analysis

    – a year ago

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  • [Solved] Psychology

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    help on understanding the writing skills – a year ago **files (3)** – ## Now_Universitymission.docx – ## now_26.docx – ## now_template1.docx **## Now_Universitymission.docx** University mission The mission of Capella University is to extend access to high-quality bachelor’s, master’s, specialist…

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    help on understanding the writing skills

    – a year ago

    **files (3)**

    – ## Now_Universitymission.docx

    – ## now_26.docx

    – ## now_template1.docx

    **## Now_Universitymission.docx**

    University mission

    The mission of Capella University is to extend access to high-quality bachelor’s, master’s, specialist, doctoral and certificate programs to adults who seek to maximize their personal and professional potential. We fulfill this mission through innovative programs that are responsive to the needs of adult students, which involve active, engaging, challenging and relevant learning experiences delivered in a variety of modes.

    Educational philosophy

    At Capella University, we believe education transforms people’s lives and society –immediately and permanently. The innovative, competency-based education we offer enables adult students to meet challenges in their careers, lead and make new contributions in their disciplines, and reach their professional and personal goals.

    Our educational pathways respect existing expertise. They allow students to focus on the essentials as they gain new competencies and expand those they already have. The credentials they earn are signs of the professional relevance, quality and immediate applicability of their education at Capella, which helps to create future opportunities. As partners in their education, we proudly serve the lifelong learning that allows our students, alumni, their many communities and our broader society to thrive.

    **## now_26.docx**

    **Scenario**

    Imagine that you are considering graduate school and are trying to determine which area of psychology to pursue. You have narrowed down your choices to what Capella has to offer and the next step is to pick one to explore further.

    **Assignment Preparation**

    **STEP 1:** If you haven't yet picked one area of psychology, spend some time reviewing the master's level graduate specializations in psychology offered at Capella. Which of these areas of psychology interest you the most? Which one would you like to explore further?

    _Are you currently in our General Psychology Program? You might consider programs within our School of Psychology:_

    [MS in PsychologyLinks to an external site.](https://lat.strategiced.com/redirect?linkid=8663)

    · General Psychology.

    · Developmental Psychology.

    · Industrial-Organizational Psychology.

    · Educational Psychology.

    · Sport Psychology.

    [MS in Clinical PsychologyLinks to an external site.](https://lat.strategiced.com/redirect?linkid=8662)

    · Applied Research.

    · Clinical Counseling.

    · Forensic Psychology.

    [MS in School PsychologyLinks to an external site.](https://lat.strategiced.com/redirect?linkid=8664)

    _Are you currently in our Pre-Counseling & Therapy Program? You might consider programs within our School of Counseling and Therapy:_

    ·
    [MS in Clinical Mental Health CounselingLinks to an external site.](https://lat.strategiced.com/redirect?linkid=8641).

    ·
    [MS in Marriage and Family TherapyLinks to an external site.](https://lat.strategiced.com/redirect?linkid=8680).

    ·
    [MS in School CounselingLinks to an external site.](https://lat.strategiced.com/redirect?linkid=8665).

    _Are you currently in our Applied Behavior Analysis Program? You might consider the next degree:_

    ·
    [MS in Applied Behavior AnalysisLinks to an external site.](https://lat.strategiced.com/redirect?linkid=8681).

    _Don't see a specific area of psychology here that interests you? Run a different idea by your faculty for approval._

    **STEP 2:** Locate two peer-reviewed journal articles on your selected area of psychology within the
    [Capella University Library](http://campustools.capella.edu/redirect.aspx?linkid=2047). Be sure that at least one of the two articles is related to the topics of diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI). To learn more about Capella's diversity mission, visit the
    [Capella University Mission and LeadershipLinks to an external site.](https://lat.strategiced.com/redirect?linkid=8682) webpage. To accomplish this goal, find at least one article that either comes from an international journal, uses a non-Western population, or represents clearly the experiences of an underrepresented group in the literature.

    **Assignment Instructions**

    Prepare a 3-4 page paper discussing one area of applied psychology.

    · Introduction to Field (suggested length: one paragraph).

    · Name and describe the applied psychology area you have selected. What does it focus on? What is its purpose?

    · Evaluate the social significance of the topic.

    · History of Field (suggested length: 2–3 paragraphs).

    · Explain the key ideas, theories, and historical milestones related to that applied psychology field.

    · Recruit two scholarly sources; one may be your textbook; one must be a peer-reviewed journal article.

    · Societal and/or Cultural Needs (suggested length: 2–3 paragraphs).

    · Explain the societal and/or cultural needs that led to the development of this area of psychology and include examples.

    · Analyze the driving needs behind why the field was created; interpret their importance and consider implications and consequences for the identified needs.

    · Recruit 2 scholarly sources; one may be your textbook; one must be a peer-reviewed journal article.

    · At least one peer-reviewed journal article must be tied to topics related to diversity, equity, and inclusion.

    · Professional Influences (suggested length: 2 paragraphs).

    · Analyze how this specific area of psychology may influence current professional behavior.

    · Review how this area of psychology may impact our workplace behaviors and experiences; interpret its importance and consider implications and consequences within the workplace.

    · Include examples to support your analysis.

    · Conclusion (suggested length: one paragraph).

    · Describe potential future directions of this field on the individual, community, and global scales.

    **Submission Requirements**

    You do not need an index or abstract for this paper. Use the
    [APA Style Paper Template [DOCX]](https://courseroom.capella.edu/courses/40496/files/7625343/download).

    ·
    **Length**: Write 3–4 pages of content in addition to a title page and references page.

    ·
    **Written communication**: Must be free of errors that detract from the overall message.

    ·
    **Resources and citations**: A minimum of three sources is required. Two must be peer-reviewed journal articles and one may be a credible professional source, such as a textbook. One of the articles should represent DEI perspectives. Format according to current APA guidelines.

    ·
    **Font and font size**: Times New Roman, 12 point.

    **## now_template1.docx**

    1

    8

    **Note: The explanatory text in this paper template is provided to help you understand the different parts of an APA paper. After reading the information, please delete it, and use the paper as a template for your own papers. In the various areas of the paper, such as the titles, you may wish to edit the text with your own information for your paper instead of deleting it, in order to keep the correct format. Save this template in a file for future use and information.**

    Page 1 begins on the cover page. The entire document should be double-spaced, have 1-inch margins on all sides, and use 12-point, Times New Roman font.

    Full Title of Your Paper

    Learner's Full Name

    Capella University

    Course Number and Name

    Instructor Name

    Month Year

    Abstract

    **NOTE**:
    **An abstract is only required when the instructions of the assignment specifically direct you to create one.** An abstract is a brief, comprehensive summary of the contents of a paper. It allows readers to quickly review the key elements of a paper without having to read the entire document. This can be helpful for readers who are searching for specific information and may be reviewing many documents. The abstract may be one of the most important paragraphs in a paper because readers often decide if they will read the document based on information in the abstract. An abstract may not be required in some academic papers; however, it can still be an effective method of gaining the reader's attention. The following sentences serve as an example of what could be composed as an abstract for this paper: The basic elements of APA style will be reviewed, including formatting of an APA style paper, in-text citations, and a reference list. Additional information will address the components of an introduction, how to write effective paragraphs using the MEAL plan, and elements of a summary and conclusion section of a paper.

    APA Style Paper Template: A Resource for Academic Writing

    **(Please change the titles in this document to fit your paper.)**

    American Psychological Association (APA) style is most commonly used to cite sources within the social sciences. APA style is used when writing papers in the psychology programs offered at Capella University. This document serves as an APA style template for you to use when writing your own papers, as well as a resource containing valuable information that can be used when writing academic papers. For more information on APA style, refer to the
    _Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association_ (American Psychological Association [APA], 2020).

    In the first section of this paper, the author demonstrates how an introduction effectively introduces the reader to the topic of the paper. In APA style, an introduction never gets a heading. For example, this section does not begin with a heading titled "Introduction," unlike the following section, which is titled "Writing an Effective Introduction." The following section will explain in greater detail a model that can be used to effectively write an introduction in an academic paper. The remaining sections of the paper will continue to address APA style and effective writing concepts including section headings, organizing information, the MEAL plan, the conclusion, and the reference list.

    **Writing an Effective Introduction**

    An effective introduction often consists of four main components, including (a) the position statement, thesis, or hypothesis, which describes the author's main position; (b) the purpose, which outlines the objective of the paper; (c) the background, which contains general information needed to understand the content of the paper; and (d) the approach, which is the process or methodology the author uses to achieve the purpose of the paper. This information will help readers understand what will be discussed in the paper. It can also serve as a tool to grab the reader's attention. Authors may choose to briefly reference sources that will be identified later in the paper, as in this example (APA, 2010, 2020; Walker, 2008).

    In an introduction, the writer often presents something of interest to capture the reader's attention and introduce the issue. Adding an obvious statement of purpose helps the reader know what to expect while helping the writer to focus and stay on task. For example, this paper will address several components necessary to effectively write an academic paper, including (a) how to write an introduction, (b) how to write effective paragraphs using the MEAL plan, and (c) how to properly use APA style.

    **Level 1 Section Heading Is Centered, Bold, Upper, and Lowercase**

    Using section headings is an effective method of organizing an academic paper. Section headings can significantly improve the quality of a paper. This is accomplished because section headings help both the reader and the author with the organization of ideas and flow of the work.

    **Level 2 Section Heading is Flush Left, Bold, Upper, and Lowercase**

    The heading style recommended by APA consists of five levels (APA, 2020). This document contains two levels to demonstrate how headings are structured according to APA style. Immediately before the previous paragraph, a Level 1 Section Heading was used. That section heading describes how a Level 1 Heading should be written, which is centered and bold, using upper- and lowercase letters. For another example, see the section heading "Writing an Effective Introduction," on page 3 of this document. A Level 2 heading is used when there are subcategories under a Level 1 topic. For example, you may have a Level 1 heading of Theories, and then subcategories (Level 2 sections) of Behavioral Theory, Cognitive Theory, and Psychodynamic Theory. You may not always need Level 2 headings in your work.

    **Section Headings Help the Reader**

    Section headings serve multiple purposes, including (a) helping the reader understand what is being addressed in each section, (b) helping readers, who may be more likely to maintain an interest in the paper, and (c) helping readers choose what they want to read. For example, if the reader of this document wants to learn more about writing an effective introduction, the previous section heading clearly states that is where information can be found. When subtopics are needed to explain concepts in greater detail, different levels of headings are used according to APA style.

    **Section Headings Help the Author**

    Section headings do not only help the reader but also can help the author organize the document during the writing process. Section headings can help arrange topics in a logical order, and they can help an author manage the length of the paper. In addition to an effective introduction and the use of section headings, each paragraph of an academic paper can be written in a manner that helps the reader stay engaged. Capella University promotes the use of the MEAL plan to serve this purpose.

    **The MEAL Plan**

    The MEAL plan is a model used by Capella University to help learners effectively compose academic discussions and papers. Each component of the MEAL plan is critical to writing an effective paragraph. The acronym MEAL is based on four components of a paragraph (M = Main point, E = Evidence or Example, A = Analysis, and L = Link). The following section includes a detailed description and examples of each component of the MEAL plan.

    When writing the content sections of an academic paper (as opposed to the introduction or conclusion sections), the MEAL plan can be an effective model for designing each paragraph. A paragraph begins with a description of the main point, which is represented by the letter "M" of the MEAL plan. For example, the first sentence of this paragraph clearly states that the main point is a discussion of the MEAL plan. Once the main point has been made, evidence and examples are provided.

    The second component of a paragraph contains evidence or examples, which are represented by the letter "E" in the MEAL plan. An example of this component is actually this sentence, which provides an example of an example. Evidence can be in the form of expert opinion and findings from research. For example, evidence shows that plagiarism can occur even when it is not intended if sources are not properly cited (Marsh et al., 1997; Walker, 2008). The previous sentence provides evidence supporting why evidence is used in a paragraph.

    Analysis, which is represented by the letter "A" of the MEAL plan, should be based on the author's interpretation of the evidence. An effective analysis might include a discussion of the strengths and weaknesses of the arguments, as well as the author's interpretations of the evidence and examples. If a quote is used, the author should provide an analysis of the quote and the specific point it makes for the author's position. Without an analysis, the reader might not understand why the author discussed the information that the reader just read. For example, the previous sentence is an analysis by the author of why an analysis is performed when writing paragraphs in academic papers. Even with the first three elements of the MEAL plan, it would not be complete without the final component.

    The letter "L" of the MEAL plan refers to information that links the current and the subsequent paragraphs. The link helps the reader understand what will be discussed in the next paragraph. It summarizes the author's reasoning and shows how the paragraph fits together and leads (that is, links) to the next section of the paper. For example, this sentence might explain that once the MEAL plan has been effectively used when writing the body of an academic paper, the final section is the summary and conclusion section.

    **Summary and Conclusion**

    A summary and conclusion section, which can also be the discussion section of an APA style paper, is the final opportunity for the author to make a lasting impression on the reader. The author can begin by restating positions and summarizing the most important points that have been presented in the paper. It is not a place to introduce new information that was not presented previously in the paper. For example, this paper was written to demonstrate to readers how to effectively use APA style when writing academic papers. Various components of an APA style paper that were discussed or displayed in the form of examples include a title page, introduction section, levels of section headings and their use, in-text citations, the MEAL plan, a conclusion, and the references list.

    References

    American Psychological Association. (2020).
    _Publication manual of the American Psychological Association_(7th ed.). Author.

    American Psychological Association. (2010).
    _Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct._ [http://www.apa.org/ethics/code/index.aspx](http://www.apa.org/ethics/code/index.aspx)

    Marsh, R. L., Landau, J. D., & Hicks, J. L. (1997). Contributions of inadequate source monitoring to unconscious plagiarism during idea generation.
    _Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 23_(4), 886–897.
    [https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.23.4.886](https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0278-7393.23.4.886)

    Walker, A. L. (2008). Preventing unintentional plagiarism: A method for strengthening paraphrasing skills.
    _Journal of Instructional Psychology, 35_(4), 387–395.

    Always begin a reference list on a new page. Use a hanging indent after the first line of each reference. The reference list is in alphabetical order by the author’s last name. A reference list contains only sources that are cited in the body of the paper, and all sources cited in the body of the paper must be contained in the reference list.

    When a digital object identifier (DOI) is available for a journal article, it should be placed at the end of the citation. If a DOI is not available, a uniform resource locator (URL) should be used as long as the URL is available to all readers. The Marsh et al. (1997) reference is an example of a source using a DOI. The Walker (2008) reference is an example of when no DOI or URL is available.

    **REMINDER: Delete all unneeded placeholder text from your paper. This may include unnecessary headings and explanatory content such as the paragraphs above.**

    **## now_template1.docx**

    1

    8

    **Note: The explanatory text in this paper template is provided to help you understand the different parts of an APA paper. After reading the information, please delete it, and use the paper as a template for your own papers. In the various areas of the paper, such as the titles, you may wish to edit the text with your own information for your paper instead of deleting it, in order to keep the correct format. Save this template in a file for future use and information.**

    Page 1 begins on the cover page. The entire document should be double-spaced, have 1-inch margins on all sides, and use 12-point, Times New Roman font.

    Full Title of Your Paper

    Learner's Full Name

    Capella University

    Course Number and Name

    Instructor Name

    Month Year

    Abstract

    **NOTE**:
    **An abstract is only required when the instructions of the assignment specifically direct you to create one.** An abstract is a brief, comprehensive summary of the contents of a paper. It allows readers to quickly review the key elements of a paper without having to read the entire document. This can be helpful for readers who are searching for specific information and may be reviewing many documents. The abstract may be one of the most important paragraphs in a paper because readers often decide if they will read the document based on information in the abstract. An abstract may not be required in some academic papers; however, it can still be an effective method of gaining the reader's attention. The following sentences serve as an example of what could be composed as an abstract for this paper: The basic elements of APA style will be reviewed, including formatting of an APA style paper, in-text citations, and a reference list. Additional information will address the components of an introduction, how to write effective paragraphs using the MEAL plan, and elements of a summary and conclusion section of a paper.

    APA Style Paper Template: A Resource for Academic Writing

    **(Please change the titles in this document to fit your paper.)**

    American Psychological Association (APA) style is most commonly used to cite sources within the social sciences. APA style is used when writing papers in the psychology programs offered at Capella University. This document serves as an APA style template for you to use when writing your own papers, as well as a resource containing valuable information that can be used when writing academic papers. For more information on APA style, refer to the
    _Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association_ (American Psychological Association [APA], 2020).

    In the first section of this paper, the author demonstrates how an introduction effectively introduces the reader to the topic of the paper. In APA style, an introduction never gets a heading. For example, this section does not begin with a heading titled "Introduction," unlike the following section, which is titled "Writing an Effective Introduction." The following section will explain in greater detail a model that can be used to effectively write an introduction in an academic paper. The remaining sections of the paper will continue to address APA style and effective writing concepts including section headings, organizing information, the MEAL plan, the conclusion, and the reference list.

    **Writing an Effective Introduction**

    An effective introduction often consists of four main components, including (a) the position statement, thesis, or hypothesis, which describes the author's main position; (b) the purpose, which outlines the objective of the paper; (c) the background, which contains general information needed to understand the content of the paper; and (d) the approach, which is the process or methodology the author uses to achieve the purpose of the paper. This information will help readers understand what will be discussed in the paper. It can also serve as a tool to grab the reader's attention. Authors may choose to briefly reference sources that will be identified later in the paper, as in this example (APA, 2010, 2020; Walker, 2008).

    In an introduction, the writer often presents something of interest to capture the reader's attention and introduce the issue. Adding an obvious statement of purpose helps the reader know what to expect while helping the writer to focus and stay on task. For example, this paper will address several components necessary to effectively write an academic paper, including (a) how to write an introduction, (b) how to write effective paragraphs using the MEAL plan, and (c) how to properly use APA style.

    **Level 1 Section Heading Is Centered, Bold, Upper, and Lowercase**

    Using section headings is an effective method of organizing an academic paper. Section headings can significantly improve the quality of a paper. This is accomplished because section headings help both the reader and the author with the organization of ideas and flow of the work.

    **Level 2 Section Heading is Flush Left, Bold, Upper, and Lowercase**

    The heading style recommended by APA consists of five levels (APA, 2020). This document contains two levels to demonstrate how headings are structured according to APA style. Immediately before the previous paragraph, a Level 1 Section Heading was used. That section heading describes how a Level 1 Heading should be written, which is centered and bold, using upper- and lowercase letters. For another example, see the section heading "Writing an Effective Introduction," on page 3 of this document. A Level 2 heading is used when there are subcategories under a Level 1 topic. For example, you may have a Level 1 heading of Theories, and then subcategories (Level 2 sections) of Behavioral Theory, Cognitive Theory, and Psychodynamic Theory. You may not always need Level 2 headings in your work.

    **Section Headings Help the Reader**

    Section headings serve multiple purposes, including (a) helping the reader understand what is being addressed in each section, (b) helping readers, who may be more likely to maintain an interest in the paper, and (c) helping readers choose what they want to read. For example, if the reader of this document wants to learn more about writing an effective introduction, the previous section heading clearly states that is where information can be found. When subtopics are needed to explain concepts in greater detail, different levels of headings are used according to APA style.

    **Section Headings Help the Author**

    Section headings do not only help the reader but also can help the author organize the document during the writing process. Section headings can help arrange topics in a logical order, and they can help an author manage the length of the paper. In addition to an effective introduction and the use of section headings, each paragraph of an academic paper can be written in a manner that helps the reader stay engaged. Capella University promotes the use of the MEAL plan to serve this purpose.

    **The MEAL Plan**

    The MEAL plan is a model used by Capella University to help learners effectively compose academic discussions and papers. Each component of the MEAL plan is critical to writing an effective paragraph. The acronym MEAL is based on four components of a paragraph (M = Main point, E = Evidence or Example, A = Analysis, and L = Link). The following section includes a detailed description and examples of each component of the MEAL plan.

    When writing the content sections of an academic paper (as opposed to the introduction or conclusion sections), the MEAL plan can be an effective model for designing each paragraph. A paragraph begins with a description of the main point, which is represented by the letter "M" of the MEAL plan. For example, the first sentence of this paragraph clearly states that the main point is a discussion of the MEAL plan. Once the main point has been made, evidence and examples are provided.

    The second component of a paragraph contains evidence or examples, which are represented by the letter "E" in the MEAL plan. An example of this component is actually this sentence, which provides an example of an example. Evidence can be in the form of expert opinion and findings from research. For example, evidence shows that plagiarism can occur even when it is not intended if sources are not properly cited (Marsh et al., 1997; Walker, 2008). The previous sentence provides evidence supporting why evidence is used in a paragraph.

    Analysis, which is represented by the letter "A" of the MEAL plan, should be based on the author's interpretation of the evidence. An effective analysis might include a discussion of the strengths and weaknesses of the arguments, as well as the author's interpretations of the evidence and examples. If a quote is used, the author should provide an analysis of the quote and the specific point it makes for the author's position. Without an analysis, the reader might not understand why the author discussed the information that the reader just read. For example, the previous sentence is an analysis by the author of why an analysis is performed when writing paragraphs in academic papers. Even with the first three elements of the MEAL plan, it would not be complete without the final component.

    The letter "L" of the MEAL plan refers to information that links the current and the subsequent paragraphs. The link helps the reader understand what will be discussed in the next paragraph. It summarizes the author's reasoning and shows how the paragraph fits together and leads (that is, links) to the next section of the paper. For example, this sentence might explain that once the MEAL plan has been effectively used when writing the body of an academic paper, the final section is the summary and conclusion section.

    **Summary and Conclusion**

    A summary and conclusion section, which can also be the discussion section of an APA style paper, is the final opportunity for the author to make a lasting impression on the reader. The author can begin by restating positions and summarizing the most important points that have been presented in the paper. It is not a place to introduce new information that was not presented previously in the paper. For example, this paper was written to demonstrate to readers how to effectively use APA style when writing academic papers. Various components of an APA style paper that were discussed or displayed in the form of examples include a title page, introduction section, levels of section headings and their use, in-text citations, the MEAL plan, a conclusion, and the references list.

    References

    American Psychological Association. (2020).
    _Publication manual of the American Psychological Association_(7th ed.). Author.

    American Psychological Association. (2010).
    _Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct._ [http://www.apa.org/ethics/code/index.aspx](http://www.apa.org/ethics/code/index.aspx)

    Marsh, R. L., Landau, J. D., & Hicks, J. L. (1997). Contributions of inadequate source monitoring to unconscious plagiarism during idea generation.
    _Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 23_(4), 886–897.
    [https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.23.4.886](https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0278-7393.23.4.886)

    Walker, A. L. (2008). Preventing unintentional plagiarism: A method for strengthening paraphrasing skills.
    _Journal of Instructional Psychology, 35_(4), 387–395.

    Always begin a reference list on a new page. Use a hanging indent after the first line of each reference. The reference list is in alphabetical order by the author’s last name. A reference list contains only sources that are cited in the body of the paper, and all sources cited in the body of the paper must be contained in the reference list.

    When a digital object identifier (DOI) is available for a journal article, it should be placed at the end of the citation. If a DOI is not available, a uniform resource locator (URL) should be used as long as the URL is available to all readers. The Marsh et al. (1997) reference is an example of a source using a DOI. The Walker (2008) reference is an example of when no DOI or URL is available.

    **REMINDER: Delete all unneeded placeholder text from your paper. This may include unnecessary headings and explanatory content such as the paragraphs above.**

    **## Now_Universitymission.docx**

    University mission

    The mission of Capella University is to extend access to high-quality bachelor’s, master’s, specialist, doctoral and certificate programs to adults who seek to maximize their personal and professional potential. We fulfill this mission through innovative programs that are responsive to the needs of adult students, which involve active, engaging, challenging and relevant learning experiences delivered in a variety of modes.

    Educational philosophy

    At Capella University, we believe education transforms people’s lives and society –immediately and permanently. The innovative, competency-based education we offer enables adult students to meet challenges in their careers, lead and make new contributions in their disciplines, and reach their professional and personal goals.

    Our educational pathways respect existing expertise. They allow students to focus on the essentials as they gain new competencies and expand those they already have. The credentials they earn are signs of the professional relevance, quality and immediate applicability of their education at Capella, which helps to create future opportunities. As partners in their education, we proudly serve the lifelong learning that allows our students, alumni, their many communities and our broader society to thrive.

    **## now_26.docx**

    **Scenario**

    Imagine that you are considering graduate school and are trying to determine which area of psychology to pursue. You have narrowed down your choices to what Capella has to offer and the next step is to pick one to explore further.

    **Assignment Preparation**

    **STEP 1:** If you haven't yet picked one area of psychology, spend some time reviewing the master's level graduate specializations in psychology offered at Capella. Which of these areas of psychology interest you the most? Which one would you like to explore further?

    _Are you currently in our General Psychology Program? You might consider programs within our School of Psychology:_

    [MS in PsychologyLinks to an external site.](https://lat.strategiced.com/redirect?linkid=8663)

    · General Psychology.

    · Developmental Psychology.

    · Industrial-Organizational Psychology.

    · Educational Psychology.

    · Sport Psychology.

    [MS in Clinical PsychologyLinks to an external site.](https://lat.strategiced.com/redirect?linkid=8662)

    · Applied Research.

    · Clinical Counseling.

    · Forensic Psychology.

    [MS in School PsychologyLinks to an external site.](https://lat.strategiced.com/redirect?linkid=8664)

    _Are you currently in our Pre-Counseling & Therapy Program? You might consider programs within our School of Counseling and Therapy:_

    ·
    [MS in Clinical Mental Health CounselingLinks to an external site.](https://lat.strategiced.com/redirect?linkid=8641).

    ·
    [MS in Marriage and Family TherapyLinks to an external site.](https://lat.strategiced.com/redirect?linkid=8680).

    ·
    [MS in School CounselingLinks to an external site.](https://lat.strategiced.com/redirect?linkid=8665).

    _Are you currently in our Applied Behavior Analysis Program? You might consider the next degree:_

    ·
    [MS in Applied Behavior AnalysisLinks to an external site.](https://lat.strategiced.com/redirect?linkid=8681).

    _Don't see a specific area of psychology here that interests you? Run a different idea by your faculty for approval._

    **STEP 2:** Locate two peer-reviewed journal articles on your selected area of psychology within the
    [Capella University Library](http://campustools.capella.edu/redirect.aspx?linkid=2047). Be sure that at least one of the two articles is related to the topics of diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI). To learn more about Capella's diversity mission, visit the
    [Capella University Mission and LeadershipLinks to an external site.](https://lat.strategiced.com/redirect?linkid=8682) webpage. To accomplish this goal, find at least one article that either comes from an international journal, uses a non-Western population, or represents clearly the experiences of an underrepresented group in the literature.

    **Assignment Instructions**

    Prepare a 3-4 page paper discussing one area of applied psychology.

    · Introduction to Field (suggested length: one paragraph).

    · Name and describe the applied psychology area you have selected. What does it focus on? What is its purpose?

    · Evaluate the social significance of the topic.

    · History of Field (suggested length: 2–3 paragraphs).

    · Explain the key ideas, theories, and historical milestones related to that applied psychology field.

    · Recruit two scholarly sources; one may be your textbook; one must be a peer-reviewed journal article.

    · Societal and/or Cultural Needs (suggested length: 2–3 paragraphs).

    · Explain the societal and/or cultural needs that led to the development of this area of psychology and include examples.

    · Analyze the driving needs behind why the field was created; interpret their importance and consider implications and consequences for the identified needs.

    · Recruit 2 scholarly sources; one may be your textbook; one must be a peer-reviewed journal article.

    · At least one peer-reviewed journal article must be tied to topics related to diversity, equity, and inclusion.

    · Professional Influences (suggested length: 2 paragraphs).

    · Analyze how this specific area of psychology may influence current professional behavior.

    · Review how this area of psychology may impact our workplace behaviors and experiences; interpret its importance and consider implications and consequences within the workplace.

    · Include examples to support your analysis.

    · Conclusion (suggested length: one paragraph).

    · Describe potential future directions of this field on the individual, community, and global scales.

    **Submission Requirements**

    You do not need an index or abstract for this paper. Use the
    [APA Style Paper Template [DOCX]](https://courseroom.capella.edu/courses/40496/files/7625343/download).

    ·
    **Length**: Write 3–4 pages of content in addition to a title page and references page.

    ·
    **Written communication**: Must be free of errors that detract from the overall message.

    ·
    **Resources and citations**: A minimum of three sources is required. Two must be peer-reviewed journal articles and one may be a credible professional source, such as a textbook. One of the articles should represent DEI perspectives. Format according to current APA guidelines.

    ·
    **Font and font size**: Times New Roman, 12 point.

    **## now_template1.docx**

    1

    8

    **Note: The explanatory text in this paper template is provided to help you understand the different parts of an APA paper. After reading the information, please delete it, and use the paper as a template for your own papers. In the various areas of the paper, such as the titles, you may wish to edit the text with your own information for your paper instead of deleting it, in order to keep the correct format. Save this template in a file for future use and information.**

    Page 1 begins on the cover page. The entire document should be double-spaced, have 1-inch margins on all sides, and use 12-point, Times New Roman font.

    Full Title of Your Paper

    Learner's Full Name

    Capella University

    Course Number and Name

    Instructor Name

    Month Year

    Abstract

    **NOTE**:
    **An abstract is only required when the instructions of the assignment specifically direct you to create one.** An abstract is a brief, comprehensive summary of the contents of a paper. It allows readers to quickly review the key elements of a paper without having to read the entire document. This can be helpful for readers who are searching for specific information and may be reviewing many documents. The abstract may be one of the most important paragraphs in a paper because readers often decide if they will read the document based on information in the abstract. An abstract may not be required in some academic papers; however, it can still be an effective method of gaining the reader's attention. The following sentences serve as an example of what could be composed as an abstract for this paper: The basic elements of APA style will be reviewed, including formatting of an APA style paper, in-text citations, and a reference list. Additional information will address the components of an introduction, how to write effective paragraphs using the MEAL plan, and elements of a summary and conclusion section of a paper.

    APA Style Paper Template: A Resource for Academic Writing

    **(Please change the titles in this document to fit your paper.)**

    American Psychological Association (APA) style is most commonly used to cite sources within the social sciences. APA style is used when writing papers in the psychology programs offered at Capella University. This document serves as an APA style template for you to use when writing your own papers, as well as a resource containing valuable information that can be used when writing academic papers. For more information on APA style, refer to the
    _Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association_ (American Psychological Association [APA], 2020).

    In the first section of this paper, the author demonstrates how an introduction effectively introduces the reader to the topic of the paper. In APA style, an introduction never gets a heading. For example, this section does not begin with a heading titled "Introduction," unlike the following section, which is titled "Writing an Effective Introduction." The following section will explain in greater detail a model that can be used to effectively write an introduction in an academic paper. The remaining sections of the paper will continue to address APA style and effective writing concepts including section headings, organizing information, the MEAL plan, the conclusion, and the reference list.

    **Writing an Effective Introduction**

    An effective introduction often consists of four main components, including (a) the position statement, thesis, or hypothesis, which describes the author's main position; (b) the purpose, which outlines the objective of the paper; (c) the background, which contains general information needed to understand the content of the paper; and (d) the approach, which is the process or methodology the author uses to achieve the purpose of the paper. This information will help readers understand what will be discussed in the paper. It can also serve as a tool to grab the reader's attention. Authors may choose to briefly reference sources that will be identified later in the paper, as in this example (APA, 2010, 2020; Walker, 2008).

    In an introduction, the writer often presents something of interest to capture the reader's attention and introduce the issue. Adding an obvious statement of purpose helps the reader know what to expect while helping the writer to focus and stay on task. For example, this paper will address several components necessary to effectively write an academic paper, including (a) how to write an introduction, (b) how to write effective paragraphs using the MEAL plan, and (c) how to properly use APA style.

    **Level 1 Section Heading Is Centered, Bold, Upper, and Lowercase**

    Using section headings is an effective method of organizing an academic paper. Section headings can significantly improve the quality of a paper. This is accomplished because section headings help both the reader and the author with the organization of ideas and flow of the work.

    **Level 2 Section Heading is Flush Left, Bold, Upper, and Lowercase**

    The heading style recommended by APA consists of five levels (APA, 2020). This document contains two levels to demonstrate how headings are structured according to APA style. Immediately before the previous paragraph, a Level 1 Section Heading was used. That section heading describes how a Level 1 Heading should be written, which is centered and bold, using upper- and lowercase letters. For another example, see the section heading "Writing an Effective Introduction," on page 3 of this document. A Level 2 heading is used when there are subcategories under a Level 1 topic. For example, you may have a Level 1 heading of Theories, and then subcategories (Level 2 sections) of Behavioral Theory, Cognitive Theory, and Psychodynamic Theory. You may not always need Level 2 headings in your work.

    **Section Headings Help the Reader**

    Section headings serve multiple purposes, including (a) helping the reader understand what is being addressed in each section, (b) helping readers, who may be more likely to maintain an interest in the paper, and (c) helping readers choose what they want to read. For example, if the reader of this document wants to learn more about writing an effective introduction, the previous section heading clearly states that is where information can be found. When subtopics are needed to explain concepts in greater detail, different levels of headings are used according to APA style.

    **Section Headings Help the Author**

    Section headings do not only help the reader but also can help the author organize the document during the writing process. Section headings can help arrange topics in a logical order, and they can help an author manage the length of the paper. In addition to an effective introduction and the use of section headings, each paragraph of an academic paper can be written in a manner that helps the reader stay engaged. Capella University promotes the use of the MEAL plan to serve this purpose.

    **The MEAL Plan**

    The MEAL plan is a model used by Capella University to help learners effectively compose academic discussions and papers. Each component of the MEAL plan is critical to writing an effective paragraph. The acronym MEAL is based on four components of a paragraph (M = Main point, E = Evidence or Example, A = Analysis, and L = Link). The following section includes a detailed description and examples of each component of the MEAL plan.

    When writing the content sections of an academic paper (as opposed to the introduction or conclusion sections), the MEAL plan can be an effective model for designing each paragraph. A paragraph begins with a description of the main point, which is represented by the letter "M" of the MEAL plan. For example, the first sentence of this paragraph clearly states that the main point is a discussion of the MEAL plan. Once the main point has been made, evidence and examples are provided.

    The second component of a paragraph contains evidence or examples, which are represented by the letter "E" in the MEAL plan. An example of this component is actually this sentence, which provides an example of an example. Evidence can be in the form of expert opinion and findings from research. For example, evidence shows that plagiarism can occur even when it is not intended if sources are not properly cited (Marsh et al., 1997; Walker, 2008). The previous sentence provides evidence supporting why evidence is used in a paragraph.

    Analysis, which is represented by the letter "A" of the MEAL plan, should be based on the author's interpretation of the evidence. An effective analysis might include a discussion of the strengths and weaknesses of the arguments, as well as the author's interpretations of the evidence and examples. If a quote is used, the author should provide an analysis of the quote and the specific point it makes for the author's position. Without an analysis, the reader might not understand why the author discussed the information that the reader just read. For example, the previous sentence is an analysis by the author of why an analysis is performed when writing paragraphs in academic papers. Even with the first three elements of the MEAL plan, it would not be complete without the final component.

    The letter "L" of the MEAL plan refers to information that links the current and the subsequent paragraphs. The link helps the reader understand what will be discussed in the next paragraph. It summarizes the author's reasoning and shows how the paragraph fits together and leads (that is, links) to the next section of the paper. For example, this sentence might explain that once the MEAL plan has been effectively used when writing the body of an academic paper, the final section is the summary and conclusion section.

    **Summary and Conclusion**

    A summary and conclusion section, which can also be the discussion section of an APA style paper, is the final opportunity for the author to make a lasting impression on the reader. The author can begin by restating positions and summarizing the most important points that have been presented in the paper. It is not a place to introduce new information that was not presented previously in the paper. For example, this paper was written to demonstrate to readers how to effectively use APA style when writing academic papers. Various components of an APA style paper that were discussed or displayed in the form of examples include a title page, introduction section, levels of section headings and their use, in-text citations, the MEAL plan, a conclusion, and the references list.

    References

    American Psychological Association. (2020).
    _Publication manual of the American Psychological Association_(7th ed.). Author.

    American Psychological Association. (2010).
    _Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct._ [http://www.apa.org/ethics/code/index.aspx](http://www.apa.org/ethics/code/index.aspx)

    Marsh, R. L., Landau, J. D., & Hicks, J. L. (1997). Contributions of inadequate source monitoring to unconscious plagiarism during idea generation.
    _Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 23_(4), 886–897.
    [https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.23.4.886](https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0278-7393.23.4.886)

    Walker, A. L. (2008). Preventing unintentional plagiarism: A method for strengthening paraphrasing skills.
    _Journal of Instructional Psychology, 35_(4), 387–395.

    Always begin a reference list on a new page. Use a hanging indent after the first line of each reference. The reference list is in alphabetical order by the author’s last name. A reference list contains only sources that are cited in the body of the paper, and all sources cited in the body of the paper must be contained in the reference list.

    When a digital object identifier (DOI) is available for a journal article, it should be placed at the end of the citation. If a DOI is not available, a uniform resource locator (URL) should be used as long as the URL is available to all readers. The Marsh et al. (1997) reference is an example of a source using a DOI. The Walker (2008) reference is an example of when no DOI or URL is available.

    **REMINDER: Delete all unneeded placeholder text from your paper. This may include unnecessary headings and explanatory content such as the paragraphs above.**

    **## Now_Universitymission.docx**

    University mission

    The mission of Capella University is to extend access to high-quality bachelor’s, master’s, specialist, doctoral and certificate programs to adults who seek to maximize their personal and professional potential. We fulfill this mission through innovative programs that are responsive to the needs of adult students, which involve active, engaging, challenging and relevant learning experiences delivered in a variety of modes.

    Educational philosophy

    At Capella University, we believe education transforms people’s lives and society –immediately and permanently. The innovative, competency-based education we offer enables adult students to meet challenges in their careers, lead and make new contributions in their disciplines, and reach their professional and personal goals.

    Our educational pathways respect existing expertise. They allow students to focus on the essentials as they gain new competencies and expand those they already have. The credentials they earn are signs of the professional relevance, quality and immediate applicability of their education at Capella, which helps to create future opportunities. As partners in their education, we proudly serve the lifelong learning that allows our students, alumni, their many communities and our broader society to thrive.

    **## now_26.docx**

    **Scenario**

    Imagine that you are considering graduate school and are trying to determine which area of psychology to pursue. You have narrowed down your choices to what Capella has to offer and the next step is to pick one to explore further.

    **Assignment Preparation**

    **STEP 1:** If you haven't yet picked one area of psychology, spend some time reviewing the master's level graduate specializations in psychology offered at Capella. Which of these areas of psychology interest you the most? Which one would you like to explore further?

    _Are you currently in our General Psychology Program? You might consider programs within our School of Psychology:_

    [MS in PsychologyLinks to an external site.](https://lat.strategiced.com/redirect?linkid=8663)

    · General Psychology.

    · Developmental Psychology.

    · Industrial-Organizational Psychology.

    · Educational Psychology.

    · Sport Psychology.

    [MS in Clinical PsychologyLinks to an external site.](https://lat.strategiced.com/redirect?linkid=8662)

    · Applied Research.

    · Clinical Counseling.

    · Forensic Psychology.

    [MS in School PsychologyLinks to an external site.](https://lat.strategiced.com/redirect?linkid=8664)

    _Are you currently in our Pre-Counseling & Therapy Program? You might consider programs within our School of Counseling and Therapy:_

    ·
    [MS in Clinical Mental Health CounselingLinks to an external site.](https://lat.strategiced.com/redirect?linkid=8641).

    ·
    [MS in Marriage and Family TherapyLinks to an external site.](https://lat.strategiced.com/redirect?linkid=8680).

    ·
    [MS in School CounselingLinks to an external site.](https://lat.strategiced.com/redirect?linkid=8665).

    _Are you currently in our Applied Behavior Analysis Program? You might consider the next degree:_

    ·
    [MS in Applied Behavior AnalysisLinks to an external site.](https://lat.strategiced.com/redirect?linkid=8681).

    _Don't see a specific area of psychology here that interests you? Run a different idea by your faculty for approval._

    **STEP 2:** Locate two peer-reviewed journal articles on your selected area of psychology within the
    [Capella University Library](http://campustools.capella.edu/redirect.aspx?linkid=2047). Be sure that at least one of the two articles is related to the topics of diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI). To learn more about Capella's diversity mission, visit the
    [Capella University Mission and LeadershipLinks to an external site.](https://lat.strategiced.com/redirect?linkid=8682) webpage. To accomplish this goal, find at least one article that either comes from an international journal, uses a non-Western population, or represents clearly the experiences of an underrepresented group in the literature.

    **Assignment Instructions**

    Prepare a 3-4 page paper discussing one area of applied psychology.

    · Introduction to Field (suggested length: one paragraph).

    · Name and describe the applied psychology area you have selected. What does it focus on? What is its purpose?

    · Evaluate the social significance of the topic.

    · History of Field (suggested length: 2–3 paragraphs).

    · Explain the key ideas, theories, and historical milestones related to that applied psychology field.

    · Recruit two scholarly sources; one may be your textbook; one must be a peer-reviewed journal article.

    · Societal and/or Cultural Needs (suggested length: 2–3 paragraphs).

    · Explain the societal and/or cultural needs that led to the development of this area of psychology and include examples.

    · Analyze the driving needs behind why the field was created; interpret their importance and consider implications and consequences for the identified needs.

    · Recruit 2 scholarly sources; one may be your textbook; one must be a peer-reviewed journal article.

    · At least one peer-reviewed journal article must be tied to topics related to diversity, equity, and inclusion.

    · Professional Influences (suggested length: 2 paragraphs).

    · Analyze how this specific area of psychology may influence current professional behavior.

    · Review how this area of psychology may impact our workplace behaviors and experiences; interpret its importance and consider implications and consequences within the workplace.

    · Include examples to support your analysis.

    · Conclusion (suggested length: one paragraph).

    · Describe potential future directions of this field on the individual, community, and global scales.

    **Submission Requirements**

    You do not need an index or abstract for this paper. Use the
    [APA Style Paper Template [DOCX]](https://courseroom.capella.edu/courses/40496/files/7625343/download).

    ·
    **Length**: Write 3–4 pages of content in addition to a title page and references page.

    ·
    **Written communication**: Must be free of errors that detract from the overall message.

    ·
    **Resources and citations**: A minimum of three sources is required. Two must be peer-reviewed journal articles and one may be a credible professional source, such as a textbook. One of the articles should represent DEI perspectives. Format according to current APA guidelines.

    ·
    **Font and font size**: Times New Roman, 12 point.

    **## now_template1.docx**

    1

    8

    **Note: The explanatory text in this paper template is provided to help you understand the different parts of an APA paper. After reading the information, please delete it, and use the paper as a template for your own papers. In the various areas of the paper, such as the titles, you may wish to edit the text with your own information for your paper instead of deleting it, in order to keep the correct format. Save this template in a file for future use and information.**

    Page 1 begins on the cover page. The entire document should be double-spaced, have 1-inch margins on all sides, and use 12-point, Times New Roman font.

    Full Title of Your Paper

    Learner's Full Name

    Capella University

    Course Number and Name

    Instructor Name

    Month Year

    Abstract

    **NOTE**:
    **An abstract is only required when the instructions of the assignment specifically direct you to create one.** An abstract is a brief, comprehensive summary of the contents of a paper. It allows readers to quickly review the key elements of a paper without having to read the entire document. This can be helpful for readers who are searching for specific information and may be reviewing many documents. The abstract may be one of the most important paragraphs in a paper because readers often decide if they will read the document based on information in the abstract. An abstract may not be required in some academic papers; however, it can still be an effective method of gaining the reader's attention. The following sentences serve as an example of what could be composed as an abstract for this paper: The basic elements of APA style will be reviewed, including formatting of an APA style paper, in-text citations, and a reference list. Additional information will address the components of an introduction, how to write effective paragraphs using the MEAL plan, and elements of a summary and conclusion section of a paper.

    APA Style Paper Template: A Resource for Academic Writing

    **(Please change the titles in this document to fit your paper.)**

    American Psychological Association (APA) style is most commonly used to cite sources within the social sciences. APA style is used when writing papers in the psychology programs offered at Capella University. This document serves as an APA style template for you to use when writing your own papers, as well as a resource containing valuable information that can be used when writing academic papers. For more information on APA style, refer to the
    _Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association_ (American Psychological Association [APA], 2020).

    In the first section of this paper, the author demonstrates how an introduction effectively introduces the reader to the topic of the paper. In APA style, an introduction never gets a heading. For example, this section does not begin with a heading titled "Introduction," unlike the following section, which is titled "Writing an Effective Introduction." The following section will explain in greater detail a model that can be used to effectively write an introduction in an academic paper. The remaining sections of the paper will continue to address APA style and effective writing concepts including section headings, organizing information, the MEAL plan, the conclusion, and the reference list.

    **Writing an Effective Introduction**

    An effective introduction often consists of four main components, including (a) the position statement, thesis, or hypothesis, which describes the author's main position; (b) the purpose, which outlines the objective of the paper; (c) the background, which contains general information needed to understand the content of the paper; and (d) the approach, which is the process or methodology the author uses to achieve the purpose of the paper. This information will help readers understand what will be discussed in the paper. It can also serve as a tool to grab the reader's attention. Authors may choose to briefly reference sources that will be identified later in the paper, as in this example (APA, 2010, 2020; Walker, 2008).

    In an introduction, the writer often presents something of interest to capture the reader's attention and introduce the issue. Adding an obvious statement of purpose helps the reader know what to expect while helping the writer to focus and stay on task. For example, this paper will address several components necessary to effectively write an academic paper, including (a) how to write an introduction, (b) how to write effective paragraphs using the MEAL plan, and (c) how to properly use APA style.

    **Level 1 Section Heading Is Centered, Bold, Upper, and Lowercase**

    Using section headings is an effective method of organizing an academic paper. Section headings can significantly improve the quality of a paper. This is accomplished because section headings help both the reader and the author with the organization of ideas and flow of the work.

    **Level 2 Section Heading is Flush Left, Bold, Upper, and Lowercase**

    The heading style recommended by APA consists of five levels (APA, 2020). This document contains two levels to demonstrate how headings are structured according to APA style. Immediately before the previous paragraph, a Level 1 Section Heading was used. That section heading describes how a Level 1 Heading should be written, which is centered and bold, using upper- and lowercase letters. For another example, see the section heading "Writing an Effective Introduction," on page 3 of this document. A Level 2 heading is used when there are subcategories under a Level 1 topic. For example, you may have a Level 1 heading of Theories, and then subcategories (Level 2 sections) of Behavioral Theory, Cognitive Theory, and Psychodynamic Theory. You may not always need Level 2 headings in your work.

    **Section Headings Help the Reader**

    Section headings serve multiple purposes, including (a) helping the reader understand what is being addressed in each section, (b) helping readers, who may be more likely to maintain an interest in the paper, and (c) helping readers choose what they want to read. For example, if the reader of this document wants to learn more about writing an effective introduction, the previous section heading clearly states that is where information can be found. When subtopics are needed to explain concepts in greater detail, different levels of headings are used according to APA style.

    **Section Headings Help the Author**

    Section headings do not only help the reader but also can help the author organize the document during the writing process. Section headings can help arrange topics in a logical order, and they can help an author manage the length of the paper. In addition to an effective introduction and the use of section headings, each paragraph of an academic paper can be written in a manner that helps the reader stay engaged. Capella University promotes the use of the MEAL plan to serve this purpose.

    **The MEAL Plan**

    The MEAL plan is a model used by Capella University to help learners effectively compose academic discussions and papers. Each component of the MEAL plan is critical to writing an effective paragraph. The acronym MEAL is based on four components of a paragraph (M = Main point, E = Evidence or Example, A = Analysis, and L = Link). The following section includes a detailed description and examples of each component of the MEAL plan.

    When writing the content sections of an academic paper (as opposed to the introduction or conclusion sections), the MEAL plan can be an effective model for designing each paragraph. A paragraph begins with a description of the main point, which is represented by the letter "M" of the MEAL plan. For example, the first sentence of this paragraph clearly states that the main point is a discussion of the MEAL plan. Once the main point has been made, evidence and examples are provided.

    The second component of a paragraph contains evidence or examples, which are represented by the letter "E" in the MEAL plan. An example of this component is actually this sentence, which provides an example of an example. Evidence can be in the form of expert opinion and findings from research. For example, evidence shows that plagiarism can occur even when it is not intended if sources are not properly cited (Marsh et al., 1997; Walker, 2008). The previous sentence provides evidence supporting why evidence is used in a paragraph.

    Analysis, which is represented by the letter "A" of the MEAL plan, should be based on the author's interpretation of the evidence. An effective analysis might include a discussion of the strengths and weaknesses of the arguments, as well as the author's interpretations of the evidence and examples. If a quote is used, the author should provide an analysis of the quote and the specific point it makes for the author's position. Without an analysis, the reader might not understand why the author discussed the information that the reader just read. For example, the previous sentence is an analysis by the author of why an analysis is performed when writing paragraphs in academic papers. Even with the first three elements of the MEAL plan, it would not be complete without the final component.

    The letter "L" of the MEAL plan refers to information that links the current and the subsequent paragraphs. The link helps the reader understand what will be discussed in the next paragraph. It summarizes the author's reasoning and shows how the paragraph fits together and leads (that is, links) to the next section of the paper. For example, this sentence might explain that once the MEAL plan has been effectively used when writing the body of an academic paper, the final section is the summary and conclusion section.

    **Summary and Conclusion**

    A summary and conclusion section, which can also be the discussion section of an APA style paper, is the final opportunity for the author to make a lasting impression on the reader. The author can begin by restating positions and summarizing the most important points that have been presented in the paper. It is not a place to introduce new information that was not presented previously in the paper. For example, this paper was written to demonstrate to readers how to effectively use APA style when writing academic papers. Various components of an APA style paper that were discussed or displayed in the form of examples include a title page, introduction section, levels of section headings and their use, in-text citations, the MEAL plan, a conclusion, and the references list.

    References

    American Psychological Association. (2020).
    _Publication manual of the American Psychological Association_(7th ed.). Author.

    American Psychological Association. (2010).
    _Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct._ [http://www.apa.org/ethics/code/index.aspx](http://www.apa.org/ethics/code/index.aspx)

    Marsh, R. L., Landau, J. D., & Hicks, J. L. (1997). Contributions of inadequate source monitoring to unconscious plagiarism during idea generation.
    _Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 23_(4), 886–897.
    [https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.23.4.886](https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0278-7393.23.4.886)

    Walker, A. L. (2008). Preventing unintentional plagiarism: A method for strengthening paraphrasing skills.
    _Journal of Instructional Psychology, 35_(4), 387–395.

    Always begin a reference list on a new page. Use a hanging indent after the first line of each reference. The reference list is in alphabetical order by the author’s last name. A reference list contains only sources that are cited in the body of the paper, and all sources cited in the body of the paper must be contained in the reference list.

    When a digital object identifier (DOI) is available for a journal article, it should be placed at the end of the citation. If a DOI is not available, a uniform resource locator (URL) should be used as long as the URL is available to all readers. The Marsh et al. (1997) reference is an example of a source using a DOI. The Walker (2008) reference is an example of when no DOI or URL is available.

    **REMINDER: Delete all unneeded placeholder text from your paper. This may include unnecessary headings and explanatory content such as the paragraphs above.**

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