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  • [Solved] feed back jan

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    **ist three different scenarios where raters or observers could be used for data collection in a research study** In research, raters or observers are used when collecting data that requires human judgment or interpretation. One common scenario is in educational assessments, where observers rate stu…

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    **ist three different scenarios where raters or observers could be used for data collection in a research study**

    In research, raters or observers are used when collecting data that requires human judgment or interpretation. One common scenario is in educational assessments, where observers rate student behaviors or instructional methods. For example, Mudford et al. (2009) examined how trained observers used handheld computers to record student behaviors during instructional sessions. The study found that the accuracy of observations varied depending on the algorithm used to assess agreement, with block-by-block and exact agreement methods showing limitations at extreme behavior frequencies.

    Another important setting is clinical diagnostics, where professionals observe patient interactions or symptoms to inform treatment decisions. Stora et al. (2013) conducted a study where raters evaluated parent-child interactions in families with children exhibiting conduct problems. The study generalizability theory approach showed that more raters were needed to assess complex behaviors reliably, like discipline and monitoring, highlighting the importance of rater quantity and design in observational studies. In behavioral research, when coding non-verbal behaviors in psychological studies, multiple observers make interpretations of behaviors like facial expressions or gestures consistent. Training observers in behavior data collection has been shown to improve the reliability of such assessments (Mudford et al., 2009).

    **Discuss three different statistical procedures used to evaluate interrater reliability in research.**

                Several statistical procedures, such as Cohen’s kappa, Fleiss Kappa, and the Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), are employed to evaluate the consistency among raters. Cohen’s kappa is one widely used method for assessing agreement between two raters for categorical data. It adjusts for the agreement expected by chance and is especially helpful in healthcare research where subjective judgment is common (McHugh, 2012). An extension of Cohen's kappa is Fleiss's kappa, which assesses agreement among multiple raters. It is useful when more than two observers are involved and the data is categorical (Fleiss, 1971). For continuous data, the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) is recommended. According to Koo and Li (2016), ICC measures correlation and captures the level of absolute agreement between raters. The authors emphasize selecting the correct form of ICC based on study design elements such as rater type and whether consistency or absolute agreement is being measured (Koo & Li, 2016). These tools are critical in validating the consistency of data in research.

    **References**

    Fleiss, J. L. (1971). Measuring nominal scale agreement among many raters. _Psychological Bulletin, 76(_ 5), 378–382. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0031619

    Stora, B., Hagtvet, K. A., & Heyerdahl, S. (2013). Reliability of observers’ subjective impressions of families: A generalizability theory approach. _Psychotherapy Research, 23(_ 4), 448–463. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2012.733830

    Koo, T. K., & Li, M. Y. (2016). A guideline of selecting and reporting intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability research. _Journal of Chiropractic Medicine, 15(_ 2), 155–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcm.2016.02.012

    McHugh, M. L. (2012). Interrater reliability: The kappa statistic. _Biochemia Medica, 22(_ 3), 276–282. https://doi.org/10.11613/bm.2012.031

    Mudford, O. C., Taylor, S. A., & Martin, N. T. (2009). Assessing observer accuracy in continuous recording of rate and duration: Three algorithms compared. _Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 42(_ 3), 527–539. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.2009.42-527

    – 2 years ago

  • [Solved] 514m4r

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  • [Solved] feed back Alleton

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    ello Class, When subjective judgment is crucial to research studies, including behavioral observation, clinical diagnosis, or performance assessment, it is necessary to ensure that data collected by multiple observers or raters are consistent and accurate. In the first case scenario, therefore, the …

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    ello Class,

    When subjective judgment is crucial to research studies, including behavioral observation, clinical diagnosis, or performance assessment, it is necessary to ensure that data collected by multiple observers or raters are consistent and accurate. In the first case scenario, therefore, the consideration of interrater reliability is very important as does this for the degree of agreement or agreement among raters adding credibility or replicability of the study findings.

    **Scenarios Where Raters or Observers Are Used**

    One scenario where raters are commonly used is in classroom observations, where multiple observers assess teacher effectiveness based on standardized rubrics. A second example includes in psychological research where raters, who are trained, may code participant’s emotional expressions or verbal response during therapy sessions. In the third scenario, medical research, possibly in diagnostic imaging, radiologists do the independent evaluation of scans to determine the presence or severity of disease, and the reproducibility of the diagnosis has implications for the validity of clinical conclusions.

    **Statistical Procedures for Evaluating Interrater Reliability**

    One common statistical procedure for assessing interrater reliability is Cohen’s Kappa, which measures agreement between two raters while correcting for the agreement that could occur by chance. Particularly when the data is categorical, it gives a value between -1 and 1, with values closer to 1 indicating strong agreement (McHugh et al., 2012). Yet, Cohen’s Kappa is useful only when there are only two raters and cannot be extended to other groups. However, with this limitation in mind, to remedy this issue, Fleiss’ Kappa can be implemented, which generalizes the notion of Cohen’s Kappa for more than two raters. The appropriate tool when the data is nominal and it offers gives a complete metric when there is agreement amongst several judges.

    Another widely used method is the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC), which is applicable for continuous data and can handle two or more raters. In addition, the ICC leads not only to the statistical explanation of the consistency of ratings that this index determines, but also has to do with absolute quantification in the agreement made between raters (Koo & Li, 2016). Depending on the study design and the assumptions about the raters and measurements, different ICC, e.g., one-way random, two-way random, two-way mixed models, are used (Liljequist et al., 2019). Choosing the right ICC model assures a more accurate estimate of reliability and influences the interpretation of the results.

    **Conclusion**

    When a research study depends on human judgment for data collection, employing raters or observers becomes crucial, and ensuring their consistency is imperative. Researchers can determine and report the impact of agreement between raters using other statistical tools including Cohen’s Kappa, Fleiss’ Kappa, and Intraclass Correlation Coefficient. Besides these measures improve the study rigor, they too support the validity and trustworthiness of the research findings.

    **References**

    Koo, T. K., & Li, M. Y. (2016). A guideline of selecting and reporting intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability research. _Journal of chiropractic medicine_, _15_(2), 155-163. [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4913118/](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4913118/)

    Liljequist, D., Elfving, B., & Skavberg Roaldsen, K. (2019). Intraclass correlation–A discussion and demonstration of basic features. _PloS one_, _14_(7), e0219854. [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6645485/](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6645485/)

    McHugh, M. L. (2012). Interrater reliability: the kappa statistic. _Biochemia medica_, _22_(3), 276-282. [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3900052/#:~:text=Cohen%20suggested%20the%20Kappa%20result,1.00%20as%20almost%20perfect%20agreement](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3900052/#:~:text=Cohen%20suggested%20the%20Kappa%20result,1.00%20as%20almost%20perfect%20agreement).

    ello Class,

    When subjective judgment is crucial to research studies, including behavioral observation, clinical diagnosis, or performance assessment, it is necessary to ensure that data collected by multiple observers or raters are consistent and accurate. In the first case scenario, therefore, the consideration of interrater reliability is very important as does this for the degree of agreement or agreement among raters adding credibility or replicability of the study findings.

    **Scenarios Where Raters or Observers Are Used**

    One scenario where raters are commonly used is in classroom observations, where multiple observers assess teacher effectiveness based on standardized rubrics. A second example includes in psychological research where raters, who are trained, may code participant’s emotional expressions or verbal response during therapy sessions. In the third scenario, medical research, possibly in diagnostic imaging, radiologists do the independent evaluation of scans to determine the presence or severity of disease, and the reproducibility of the diagnosis has implications for the validity of clinical conclusions.

    **Statistical Procedures for Evaluating Interrater Reliability**

    One common statistical procedure for assessing interrater reliability is Cohen’s Kappa, which measures agreement between two raters while correcting for the agreement that could occur by chance. Particularly when the data is categorical, it gives a value between -1 and 1, with values closer to 1 indicating strong agreement (McHugh et al., 2012). Yet, Cohen’s Kappa is useful only when there are only two raters and cannot be extended to other groups. However, with this limitation in mind, to remedy this issue, Fleiss’ Kappa can be implemented, which generalizes the notion of Cohen’s Kappa for more than two raters. The appropriate tool when the data is nominal and it offers gives a complete metric when there is agreement amongst several judges.

    Another widely used method is the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC), which is applicable for continuous data and can handle two or more raters. In addition, the ICC leads not only to the statistical explanation of the consistency of ratings that this index determines, but also has to do with absolute quantification in the agreement made between raters (Koo & Li, 2016). Depending on the study design and the assumptions about the raters and measurements, different ICC, e.g., one-way random, two-way random, two-way mixed models, are used (Liljequist et al., 2019). Choosing the right ICC model assures a more accurate estimate of reliability and influences the interpretation of the results.

    **Conclusion**

    When a research study depends on human judgment for data collection, employing raters or observers becomes crucial, and ensuring their consistency is imperative. Researchers can determine and report the impact of agreement between raters using other statistical tools including Cohen’s Kappa, Fleiss’ Kappa, and Intraclass Correlation Coefficient. Besides these measures improve the study rigor, they too support the validity and trustworthiness of the research findings.

    **References**

    Koo, T. K., & Li, M. Y. (2016). A guideline of selecting and reporting intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability research. _Journal of chiropractic medicine_, _15_(2), 155-163. [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4913118/](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4913118/)

    Liljequist, D., Elfving, B., & Skavberg Roaldsen, K. (2019). Intraclass correlation–A discussion and demonstration of basic features. _PloS one_, _14_(7), e0219854. [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6645485/](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6645485/)

    McHugh, M. L. (2012). Interrater reliability: the kappa statistic. _Biochemia medica_, _22_(3), 276-282. [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3900052/#:~:text=Cohen%20suggested%20the%20Kappa%20result,1.00%20as%20almost%20perfect%20agreement](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3900052/#:~:text=Cohen%20suggested%20the%20Kappa%20result,1.00%20as%20almost%20perfect%20agreement).

    – 2 years ago

  • [Solved] 514clm4r

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  • [Solved] Empowerment Concept and Change

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    – [\ \ IMG_0322.jpeg](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/img-0322-jpeg-10256345 "IMG_0322.jpeg") – 2 years ago

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    – [\
    \
    IMG_0322.jpeg](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/img-0322-jpeg-10256345 "IMG_0322.jpeg")

    – 2 years ago

  • [Solved] Fiction story

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    **2 short stories ( 1.5 to 2 pages each, MLA Format)** – 2 years ago

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    **2 short stories ( 1.5 to 2 pages each, MLA Format)**

    – 2 years ago

  • [Solved] Education Assignment 5 Week 5 Module 5

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    TASK: _You must use correct spelling, grammar, use the APA Style and have bibliography for your paper._ Undertake a library research and write half a page report on **each of the following** scholars of music education: Émile Jaques-Dalcroze Carl Orff Zoltán Kodály Edwin E. Gordon Shinichi Suzuki **…

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    TASK:

    _You must use correct spelling, grammar, use the APA Style and have bibliography for your paper._

    Undertake a library research and write half a page report on **each of the following** scholars of music education:

    Émile Jaques-Dalcroze

    Carl Orff

    Zoltán Kodály

    Edwin E. Gordon

    Shinichi Suzuki

    **Research each of the following** scholars of music education:

    Émile Jaques-Dalcroze

    Carl Orff

    Zoltán Kodály

    Edwin E. Gordon

    Shinichi Suzuki

    Your report must highlight a brief biography and teaching methodology: (you may refer to page 64-74 of your text book in addition to other sources in your library or online).

    – [\
    \
    Page64-74.pdf](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/page64-74-pdf "Page64-74.pdf")

    – 2 years ago

  • [Solved] DQ 5 Week 5 Module 5

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    Merriam Webster dictionary defines research as a “studious inquiry or examination; especially : investigation or experimentation aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts, revision of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts, or practical application of such new or revised theori…

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    Merriam Webster dictionary defines research as a “studious inquiry or examination; especially : investigation or experimentation aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts, revision of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts, or practical application of such new or revised theories or laws.”  In your view as an early childhood

    educator, what is the relevance of doing research especially in music when you teach children? Discuss your views giving examples based on your experience and Chapter 5 of our text book pg 64-74.

    – [\
    \
    Page64-74.pdf](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/page64-74-pdf-10256537 "Page64-74.pdf")

    – 2 years ago

  • [Solved] Create a Literature Review using APA 7 format, and scholarly references no older than 5 years.

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    **Please ensure that the Literature Review includes more than 200 words with scholarly articles, and the plagiarism level must remain below 20%.** Conducted a literature review on the use of integrative theory in clinical practice or research studies. Use a minimum of six articles **Introduction:** …

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    **Please ensure that the Literature Review includes more than 200 words with scholarly articles, and the plagiarism level must remain below 20%.**

    Conducted a literature review on the use of integrative theory in clinical practice or research studies.  Use a minimum of six articles

    **Introduction:** Discuss the historical background of integrative theory. **Process use to find** **articles and how & why** **articles were selected:** Keywords used in the search, data-based search, years used in the search, number of articles retrieved. The articles selected (3) how and why those these articles were selected. **Summary of finding:** Compare and contrast the selected articles selected of how integrative theory is used. **Implication to practice:** Discuss the implication of integrative theory to nursing practice. **Conclusion/ recommendations:** Discuss what you have drawn from reviewing literature so far. Where might the discussion proceed? **APA Format & Clarity of writing:** APA format corrects with no more than 1-2 minor errors: Use of a minimum of six current scholarly references.

    – [\
    \
    Purpose.docx](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/purpose-docx-10256369 "Purpose.docx")

    – 2 years ago

  • [Solved] COMPREHENSIVE PSYCHIATRIC EVALUATION AND PATIENT, VIDEO CASE PRESENTATION

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    – 2 years ago **files (3)** – ## 6635PRACComprehensivePsychiatricEvaluationTemplaterev12.20221.doc – ## NRNP_PRAC_6635_ComprehensivePsychiatricEvaluationExemplar_rev.4.2022.docx – ComprehensivePsychiatricEvaluationandPatient.docx **## 6635PRACComprehensivePsychiatricEvaluationTemplaterev12.20221…

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    – 2 years ago

    **files (3)**

    – ## 6635PRACComprehensivePsychiatricEvaluationTemplaterev12.20221.doc

    – ## NRNP_PRAC_6635_ComprehensivePsychiatricEvaluationExemplar_rev.4.2022.docx

    – ComprehensivePsychiatricEvaluationandPatient.docx

    **## 6635PRACComprehensivePsychiatricEvaluationTemplaterev12.20221.doc**

    [removed]

    **## NRNP_PRAC_6635_ComprehensivePsychiatricEvaluationExemplar_rev.4.2022.docx**

    **NRNP/PRAC 6635 Comprehensive Psychiatric Evaluation Exemplar**

    INSTRUCTIONS ON HOW TO USE EXEMPLAR AND TEMPLATE—READ CAREFULLY

    If you are struggling with the format or remembering what to include, follow the
    Comprehensive Psychiatric Evaluation Template
    **_AND_** the Rubric
    as your guide. It is also helpful to review the rubric in detail in order not to lose points unnecessarily because you missed something required. Below highlights by category are taken directly from the grading rubric for the assignment in Weeks 4–10. After reviewing the full details of the rubric, you can use it as a guide.

    In the
    Subjective section, provide:

    · Chief complaint

    · History of present illness (HPI)

    · Past psychiatric history

    · Medication trials and current medications

    · Psychotherapy or previous psychiatric diagnosis

    · Pertinent substance use, family psychiatric/substance use, social, and medical history

    · Allergies

    · ROS

    ·
    Read rating descriptions to see the grading standards!

    In the
    Objective section, provide:

    · Physical exam documentation of systems pertinent to the chief complaint, HPI, and history

    · Diagnostic results, including any labs, imaging, or other assessments needed to develop the differential diagnoses.

    ·
    Read rating descriptions to see the grading standards!

    In the
    Assessment section, provide:

    · Results of the mental status examination,
    _presented in paragraph form._

    · At least three differentials with supporting evidence. List them from top priority to least priority. Compare the
    _DSM-5-TR_ diagnostic criteria for each differential diagnosis and explain what
    _DSM-5-TR_ criteria rules out the differential diagnosis to find an accurate diagnosis.
    _Explain the critical-thinking process that led you to the primary diagnosis you selected. Include pertinent positives and pertinent negatives for the specific patient case_.

    ·
    Read rating descriptions to see the grading standards!

    Reflect on this case. Include: Discuss what you learned and what you might do differently. Also include in your reflection a discussion related to legal/ethical considerations (
    **_demonstrate critical thinking beyond confidentiality and consent for treatment_**!), social determinates of health, health promotion and disease prevention taking into consideration patient factors (such as age, ethnic group, etc.), PMH, and other risk factors (e.g., socioeconomic, cultural background, etc.).

    (The comprehensive evaluation is typically the
    _initial_ new patient evaluation. You will practice writing this type of note in this course. You will be ruling out other mental illnesses so often you will write up what symptoms are present and what symptoms are not present from illnesses to demonstrate you have indeed assessed for all illnesses which could be impacting your patient. For example, anxiety symptoms, depressive symptoms, bipolar symptoms, psychosis symptoms, substance use, etc.)

    EXEMPLAR BEGINS HERE

    **CC** (chief complaint): A
    brief statement identifying why the patient is here. This statement is verbatim of the patient’s own words about why presenting for assessment. For a patient with dementia or other cognitive deficits, this statement can be obtained from a family member.

    **HPI**: Begin this section with patient’s initials, age, race, gender, purpose of evaluation, current medication and referral reason. For example:

    N.M. is a 34-year-old Asian male presents for psychiatric evaluation for anxiety. He is currently prescribed sertraline which he finds ineffective. His PCP referred him for evaluation and treatment.

    Or

    P.H., a 16-year-old Hispanic female, presents for psychiatric evaluation for concentration difficulty. She is not currently prescribed psychotropic medications. She is referred by her therapist for medication evaluation and treatment.

    Then, this section continues with the symptom analysis for your note. Thorough documentation in this section is essential for patient care, coding, and billing analysis.

    Paint a picture of what is wrong with the patient. First what is bringing the patient to your evaluation. Then, include a PSYCHIATRIC REVIEW OF SYMPTOMS. The symptoms onset, duration, frequency, severity, and impact. Your description here will guide your differential diagnoses. You are seeking symptoms that may align with many DSM-5-TR diagnoses, narrowing to what aligns with diagnostic criteria for mental health and substance use disorders.

    **Past Psychiatric History**: This section documents the patient’s past treatments. Use the mnemonic
    **G** o
    **Ch** a
    **MP.**

    **G** eneral Statement: Typically, this is a statement of the patients first treatment experience. For example: The patient entered treatment at the age of 10 with counseling for depression during her parents’ divorce. OR The patient entered treatment for detox at age 26 after abusing alcohol since age 13.

    **C** aregivers are listed if applicable.

    **H** ospitalizations: How many hospitalizations? When and where was last hospitalization? How many detox? How many residential treatments? When and where was last detox/residential treatment? Any history of suicidal or homicidal behaviors? Any history of self-harm behaviors?

    **M** edication trials: What are the previous psychotropic medications the patient has tried and what was their reaction? Effective, Not Effective, Adverse Reaction? Some examples: Haloperidol (dystonic reaction), risperidone (hyperprolactinemia), olanzapine (effective, insurance wouldn’t pay for it)

    **P** sychotherapy or
    **P** revious Psychiatric Diagnosis: This section can be completed one of two ways depending on what you want to capture to support the evaluation. First, does the patient know what type? Did they find psychotherapy helpful or not? Why? Second, what are the previous diagnosis for the client noted from previous treatments and other providers. Thirdly, you could document both.

    **Substance Use History:** This section contains any history or current use of caffeine, nicotine, illicit substance (including marijuana), and alcohol. Include the daily amount of use and last known use. Include type of use such as inhales, snorts, IV, etc. Include any histories of withdrawal complications from tremors, Delirium Tremens, or seizures.

    **Family Psychiatric/Substance Use History:** This section contains any family history of psychiatric illness, substance use illnesses, and family suicides. You may choose to use a genogram to depict this information. Be sure to include a reader’s key to your genogram or write up in narrative form.

    **Social History:** This section may be lengthy if completing an evaluation for psychotherapy or shorter if completing an evaluation for psychopharmacology. However, at a minimum, please include:

    Where patient was born, who raised the patient

    Number of brothers/sisters (what order is the patient within siblings)

    Who the patient currently lives with in a home? Are they single, married, divorced, widowed? How many children?

    Educational Level

    Hobbies:

    Work History: currently working/profession, disabled, unemployed, retired?

    Legal history: past hx, any current issues?

    Trauma history: Any childhood or adult history of trauma?

    Violence Hx:
    Concern or issues about safety (personal, home, community, sexual (current & historical)

    **Medical History:** This section contains any illnesses, surgeries, include any hx of seizures, head injuries.

    **Current Medications**: Include dosage, frequency, length of time used, and reason for use. Also include OTC or homeopathic products.

    **Allergies**:
    Include medication, food, and environmental allergies separately. Provide a description of what the allergy is (e.g., angioedema, anaphylaxis). This will help determine a true reaction vs. intolerance.

    **Reproductive Hx**:
    Menstrual history (date of LMP), Pregnant (yes or no), Nursing/lactating (yes or no), contraceptive use (method used), types of intercourse: oral, anal, vaginal, other, any sexual concerns

    **ROS**: Cover all body systems that may help you include or rule out a differential diagnosis. Please note: THIS IS DIFFERENT from a physical examination!

    You should list each system as follows:
    General:Head:
    EENT: etc. You should list these in bullet format and document the systems in order from head to toe.

    Example of Complete ROS:

    GENERAL: No weight loss, fever, chills, weakness, or fatigue.

    HEENT: Eyes: No visual loss, blurred vision, double vision, or yellow sclerae. Ears, Nose, Throat: No hearing loss, sneezing, congestion, runny nose, or sore throat.

    SKIN: No rash or itching.

    CARDIOVASCULAR: No chest pain, chest pressure, or chest discomfort. No palpitations or edema.

    RESPIRATORY: No shortness of breath, cough, or sputum.

    GASTROINTESTINAL: No anorexia, nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea. No abdominal pain or blood.

    GENITOURINARY: Burning on urination, urgency, hesitancy, odor, odd color

    NEUROLOGICAL: No headache, dizziness, syncope, paralysis, ataxia, numbness, or tingling in the extremities. No change in bowel or bladder control.

    MUSCULOSKELETAL: No muscle, back pain, joint pain, or stiffness.

    HEMATOLOGIC: No anemia, bleeding, or bruising.

    LYMPHATICS: No enlarged nodes. No history of splenectomy.

    ENDOCRINOLOGIC: No reports of sweating, cold, or heat intolerance. No polyuria or polydipsia.

    **Physical exam (If applicable and if you have opportunity to perform—document if exam is completed by PCP)**: From head to toe, include what you see, hear, and feel when doing your physical exam. You only need to examine the systems that are pertinent to the CC, HPI, and History.
    **Do not use “WNL” or “normal.” You must describe what you see.** Always document in head-to-toe format i.e., General: Head: EENT: etc.

    **Diagnostic results**: Include any labs, X-rays, or other diagnostics that are needed to develop the differential diagnoses (support with evidenced and guidelines).

    **A** ssessment

    **Mental Status Examination:** For the purposes of your courses, this section must be presented in paragraph form and not use of a checklist! This section you will describe the patient’s appearance, attitude, behavior, mood and affect, speech, thought processes, thought content, perceptions (hallucinations, pseudohallucinations, illusions, etc.)., cognition, insight, judgment, and SI/HI. See an example below. You will modify to include the specifics for your patient on the above elements—DO NOT just copy the example. You may use a preceptor’s way of organizing the information if the MSE is in paragraph form.

    He is an 8-year-old African American male who looks his stated age. He is cooperative with examiner. He is neatly groomed and clean, dressed appropriately. There is no evidence of any abnormal motor activity. His speech is clear, coherent, normal in volume and tone. His thought process is goal directed and logical. There is no evidence of looseness of association or flight of ideas. His mood is euthymic, and his affect appropriate to his mood. He was smiling at times in an appropriate manner. He denies any auditory or visual hallucinations. There is no evidence of any delusional thinking.   He denies any current suicidal or homicidal ideation. Cognitively, he is alert and oriented. His recent and remote memory is intact. His concentration is good. His insight is good.

    **Differential Diagnoses**:
    You must have at least three differentials with supporting evidence. Explain what rules each differential in or out and justify your primary diagnostic impression selection. You will use supporting evidence from the literature to support your rationale. Include pertinent positives and pertinent negatives for the specific patient case.

    **Also included in this section is the reflection.** Reflect on this case and discuss whether or not you agree with your preceptor’s assessment and diagnostic impression of the patient and why or why not. What did you learn from this case? What would you do differently?

    Also include in your reflection a discussion related to legal/ethical considerations (
    **demonstrating critical thinking beyond confidentiality and consent for treatment!**), social determinates of health, health promotion and disease prevention taking into consideration patient factors (such as age, ethnic group, etc.), PMH, and other risk factors (e.g., socioeconomic, cultural background, etc.).

    **References (move to begin on next page)**

    You are required to include at least three evidence-based, peer-reviewed journal articles or evidenced-based guidelines which relate to this case to support your diagnostics and differentials diagnoses. Be sure to use correct APA 7th edition formatting.

    © 2021 Walden University Page 1 of 3

    **ComprehensivePsychiatricEvaluationandPatient.docx**

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    **## 6635PRACComprehensivePsychiatricEvaluationTemplaterev12.20221.doc**

    [removed]

    **## NRNP_PRAC_6635_ComprehensivePsychiatricEvaluationExemplar_rev.4.2022.docx**

    **NRNP/PRAC 6635 Comprehensive Psychiatric Evaluation Exemplar**

    INSTRUCTIONS ON HOW TO USE EXEMPLAR AND TEMPLATE—READ CAREFULLY

    If you are struggling with the format or remembering what to include, follow the
    Comprehensive Psychiatric Evaluation Template
    **_AND_** the Rubric
    as your guide. It is also helpful to review the rubric in detail in order not to lose points unnecessarily because you missed something required. Below highlights by category are taken directly from the grading rubric for the assignment in Weeks 4–10. After reviewing the full details of the rubric, you can use it as a guide.

    In the
    Subjective section, provide:

    · Chief complaint

    · History of present illness (HPI)

    · Past psychiatric history

    · Medication trials and current medications

    · Psychotherapy or previous psychiatric diagnosis

    · Pertinent substance use, family psychiatric/substance use, social, and medical history

    · Allergies

    · ROS

    ·
    Read rating descriptions to see the grading standards!

    In the
    Objective section, provide:

    · Physical exam documentation of systems pertinent to the chief complaint, HPI, and history

    · Diagnostic results, including any labs, imaging, or other assessments needed to develop the differential diagnoses.

    ·
    Read rating descriptions to see the grading standards!

    In the
    Assessment section, provide:

    · Results of the mental status examination,
    _presented in paragraph form._

    · At least three differentials with supporting evidence. List them from top priority to least priority. Compare the
    _DSM-5-TR_ diagnostic criteria for each differential diagnosis and explain what
    _DSM-5-TR_ criteria rules out the differential diagnosis to find an accurate diagnosis.
    _Explain the critical-thinking process that led you to the primary diagnosis you selected. Include pertinent positives and pertinent negatives for the specific patient case_.

    ·
    Read rating descriptions to see the grading standards!

    Reflect on this case. Include: Discuss what you learned and what you might do differently. Also include in your reflection a discussion related to legal/ethical considerations (
    **_demonstrate critical thinking beyond confidentiality and consent for treatment_**!), social determinates of health, health promotion and disease prevention taking into consideration patient factors (such as age, ethnic group, etc.), PMH, and other risk factors (e.g., socioeconomic, cultural background, etc.).

    (The comprehensive evaluation is typically the
    _initial_ new patient evaluation. You will practice writing this type of note in this course. You will be ruling out other mental illnesses so often you will write up what symptoms are present and what symptoms are not present from illnesses to demonstrate you have indeed assessed for all illnesses which could be impacting your patient. For example, anxiety symptoms, depressive symptoms, bipolar symptoms, psychosis symptoms, substance use, etc.)

    EXEMPLAR BEGINS HERE

    **CC** (chief complaint): A
    brief statement identifying why the patient is here. This statement is verbatim of the patient’s own words about why presenting for assessment. For a patient with dementia or other cognitive deficits, this statement can be obtained from a family member.

    **HPI**: Begin this section with patient’s initials, age, race, gender, purpose of evaluation, current medication and referral reason. For example:

    N.M. is a 34-year-old Asian male presents for psychiatric evaluation for anxiety. He is currently prescribed sertraline which he finds ineffective. His PCP referred him for evaluation and treatment.

    Or

    P.H., a 16-year-old Hispanic female, presents for psychiatric evaluation for concentration difficulty. She is not currently prescribed psychotropic medications. She is referred by her therapist for medication evaluation and treatment.

    Then, this section continues with the symptom analysis for your note. Thorough documentation in this section is essential for patient care, coding, and billing analysis.

    Paint a picture of what is wrong with the patient. First what is bringing the patient to your evaluation. Then, include a PSYCHIATRIC REVIEW OF SYMPTOMS. The symptoms onset, duration, frequency, severity, and impact. Your description here will guide your differential diagnoses. You are seeking symptoms that may align with many DSM-5-TR diagnoses, narrowing to what aligns with diagnostic criteria for mental health and substance use disorders.

    **Past Psychiatric History**: This section documents the patient’s past treatments. Use the mnemonic
    **G** o
    **Ch** a
    **MP.**

    **G** eneral Statement: Typically, this is a statement of the patients first treatment experience. For example: The patient entered treatment at the age of 10 with counseling for depression during her parents’ divorce. OR The patient entered treatment for detox at age 26 after abusing alcohol since age 13.

    **C** aregivers are listed if applicable.

    **H** ospitalizations: How many hospitalizations? When and where was last hospitalization? How many detox? How many residential treatments? When and where was last detox/residential treatment? Any history of suicidal or homicidal behaviors? Any history of self-harm behaviors?

    **M** edication trials: What are the previous psychotropic medications the patient has tried and what was their reaction? Effective, Not Effective, Adverse Reaction? Some examples: Haloperidol (dystonic reaction), risperidone (hyperprolactinemia), olanzapine (effective, insurance wouldn’t pay for it)

    **P** sychotherapy or
    **P** revious Psychiatric Diagnosis: This section can be completed one of two ways depending on what you want to capture to support the evaluation. First, does the patient know what type? Did they find psychotherapy helpful or not? Why? Second, what are the previous diagnosis for the client noted from previous treatments and other providers. Thirdly, you could document both.

    **Substance Use History:** This section contains any history or current use of caffeine, nicotine, illicit substance (including marijuana), and alcohol. Include the daily amount of use and last known use. Include type of use such as inhales, snorts, IV, etc. Include any histories of withdrawal complications from tremors, Delirium Tremens, or seizures.

    **Family Psychiatric/Substance Use History:** This section contains any family history of psychiatric illness, substance use illnesses, and family suicides. You may choose to use a genogram to depict this information. Be sure to include a reader’s key to your genogram or write up in narrative form.

    **Social History:** This section may be lengthy if completing an evaluation for psychotherapy or shorter if completing an evaluation for psychopharmacology. However, at a minimum, please include:

    Where patient was born, who raised the patient

    Number of brothers/sisters (what order is the patient within siblings)

    Who the patient currently lives with in a home? Are they single, married, divorced, widowed? How many children?

    Educational Level

    Hobbies:

    Work History: currently working/profession, disabled, unemployed, retired?

    Legal history: past hx, any current issues?

    Trauma history: Any childhood or adult history of trauma?

    Violence Hx:
    Concern or issues about safety (personal, home, community, sexual (current & historical)

    **Medical History:** This section contains any illnesses, surgeries, include any hx of seizures, head injuries.

    **Current Medications**: Include dosage, frequency, length of time used, and reason for use. Also include OTC or homeopathic products.

    **Allergies**:
    Include medication, food, and environmental allergies separately. Provide a description of what the allergy is (e.g., angioedema, anaphylaxis). This will help determine a true reaction vs. intolerance.

    **Reproductive Hx**:
    Menstrual history (date of LMP), Pregnant (yes or no), Nursing/lactating (yes or no), contraceptive use (method used), types of intercourse: oral, anal, vaginal, other, any sexual concerns

    **ROS**: Cover all body systems that may help you include or rule out a differential diagnosis. Please note: THIS IS DIFFERENT from a physical examination!

    You should list each system as follows:
    General:Head:
    EENT: etc. You should list these in bullet format and document the systems in order from head to toe.

    Example of Complete ROS:

    GENERAL: No weight loss, fever, chills, weakness, or fatigue.

    HEENT: Eyes: No visual loss, blurred vision, double vision, or yellow sclerae. Ears, Nose, Throat: No hearing loss, sneezing, congestion, runny nose, or sore throat.

    SKIN: No rash or itching.

    CARDIOVASCULAR: No chest pain, chest pressure, or chest discomfort. No palpitations or edema.

    RESPIRATORY: No shortness of breath, cough, or sputum.

    GASTROINTESTINAL: No anorexia, nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea. No abdominal pain or blood.

    GENITOURINARY: Burning on urination, urgency, hesitancy, odor, odd color

    NEUROLOGICAL: No headache, dizziness, syncope, paralysis, ataxia, numbness, or tingling in the extremities. No change in bowel or bladder control.

    MUSCULOSKELETAL: No muscle, back pain, joint pain, or stiffness.

    HEMATOLOGIC: No anemia, bleeding, or bruising.

    LYMPHATICS: No enlarged nodes. No history of splenectomy.

    ENDOCRINOLOGIC: No reports of sweating, cold, or heat intolerance. No polyuria or polydipsia.

    **Physical exam (If applicable and if you have opportunity to perform—document if exam is completed by PCP)**: From head to toe, include what you see, hear, and feel when doing your physical exam. You only need to examine the systems that are pertinent to the CC, HPI, and History.
    **Do not use “WNL” or “normal.” You must describe what you see.** Always document in head-to-toe format i.e., General: Head: EENT: etc.

    **Diagnostic results**: Include any labs, X-rays, or other diagnostics that are needed to develop the differential diagnoses (support with evidenced and guidelines).

    **A** ssessment

    **Mental Status Examination:** For the purposes of your courses, this section must be presented in paragraph form and not use of a checklist! This section you will describe the patient’s appearance, attitude, behavior, mood and affect, speech, thought processes, thought content, perceptions (hallucinations, pseudohallucinations, illusions, etc.)., cognition, insight, judgment, and SI/HI. See an example below. You will modify to include the specifics for your patient on the above elements—DO NOT just copy the example. You may use a preceptor’s way of organizing the information if the MSE is in paragraph form.

    He is an 8-year-old African American male who looks his stated age. He is cooperative with examiner. He is neatly groomed and clean, dressed appropriately. There is no evidence of any abnormal motor activity. His speech is clear, coherent, normal in volume and tone. His thought process is goal directed and logical. There is no evidence of looseness of association or flight of ideas. His mood is euthymic, and his affect appropriate to his mood. He was smiling at times in an appropriate manner. He denies any auditory or visual hallucinations. There is no evidence of any delusional thinking.   He denies any current suicidal or homicidal ideation. Cognitively, he is alert and oriented. His recent and remote memory is intact. His concentration is good. His insight is good.

    **Differential Diagnoses**:
    You must have at least three differentials with supporting evidence. Explain what rules each differential in or out and justify your primary diagnostic impression selection. You will use supporting evidence from the literature to support your rationale. Include pertinent positives and pertinent negatives for the specific patient case.

    **Also included in this section is the reflection.** Reflect on this case and discuss whether or not you agree with your preceptor’s assessment and diagnostic impression of the patient and why or why not. What did you learn from this case? What would you do differently?

    Also include in your reflection a discussion related to legal/ethical considerations (
    **demonstrating critical thinking beyond confidentiality and consent for treatment!**), social determinates of health, health promotion and disease prevention taking into consideration patient factors (such as age, ethnic group, etc.), PMH, and other risk factors (e.g., socioeconomic, cultural background, etc.).

    **References (move to begin on next page)**

    You are required to include at least three evidence-based, peer-reviewed journal articles or evidenced-based guidelines which relate to this case to support your diagnostics and differentials diagnoses. Be sure to use correct APA 7th edition formatting.

    © 2021 Walden University Page 1 of 3

    **ComprehensivePsychiatricEvaluationandPatient.docx**

    This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/comprehensivepsychiatricevaluationandpatient-docx)

    **## 6635PRACComprehensivePsychiatricEvaluationTemplaterev12.20221.doc**

    [removed]

    **## NRNP_PRAC_6635_ComprehensivePsychiatricEvaluationExemplar_rev.4.2022.docx**

    **NRNP/PRAC 6635 Comprehensive Psychiatric Evaluation Exemplar**

    INSTRUCTIONS ON HOW TO USE EXEMPLAR AND TEMPLATE—READ CAREFULLY

    If you are struggling with the format or remembering what to include, follow the
    Comprehensive Psychiatric Evaluation Template
    **_AND_** the Rubric
    as your guide. It is also helpful to review the rubric in detail in order not to lose points unnecessarily because you missed something required. Below highlights by category are taken directly from the grading rubric for the assignment in Weeks 4–10. After reviewing the full details of the rubric, you can use it as a guide.

    In the
    Subjective section, provide:

    · Chief complaint

    · History of present illness (HPI)

    · Past psychiatric history

    · Medication trials and current medications

    · Psychotherapy or previous psychiatric diagnosis

    · Pertinent substance use, family psychiatric/substance use, social, and medical history

    · Allergies

    · ROS

    ·
    Read rating descriptions to see the grading standards!

    In the
    Objective section, provide:

    · Physical exam documentation of systems pertinent to the chief complaint, HPI, and history

    · Diagnostic results, including any labs, imaging, or other assessments needed to develop the differential diagnoses.

    ·
    Read rating descriptions to see the grading standards!

    In the
    Assessment section, provide:

    · Results of the mental status examination,
    _presented in paragraph form._

    · At least three differentials with supporting evidence. List them from top priority to least priority. Compare the
    _DSM-5-TR_ diagnostic criteria for each differential diagnosis and explain what
    _DSM-5-TR_ criteria rules out the differential diagnosis to find an accurate diagnosis.
    _Explain the critical-thinking process that led you to the primary diagnosis you selected. Include pertinent positives and pertinent negatives for the specific patient case_.

    ·
    Read rating descriptions to see the grading standards!

    Reflect on this case. Include: Discuss what you learned and what you might do differently. Also include in your reflection a discussion related to legal/ethical considerations (
    **_demonstrate critical thinking beyond confidentiality and consent for treatment_**!), social determinates of health, health promotion and disease prevention taking into consideration patient factors (such as age, ethnic group, etc.), PMH, and other risk factors (e.g., socioeconomic, cultural background, etc.).

    (The comprehensive evaluation is typically the
    _initial_ new patient evaluation. You will practice writing this type of note in this course. You will be ruling out other mental illnesses so often you will write up what symptoms are present and what symptoms are not present from illnesses to demonstrate you have indeed assessed for all illnesses which could be impacting your patient. For example, anxiety symptoms, depressive symptoms, bipolar symptoms, psychosis symptoms, substance use, etc.)

    EXEMPLAR BEGINS HERE

    **CC** (chief complaint): A
    brief statement identifying why the patient is here. This statement is verbatim of the patient’s own words about why presenting for assessment. For a patient with dementia or other cognitive deficits, this statement can be obtained from a family member.

    **HPI**: Begin this section with patient’s initials, age, race, gender, purpose of evaluation, current medication and referral reason. For example:

    N.M. is a 34-year-old Asian male presents for psychiatric evaluation for anxiety. He is currently prescribed sertraline which he finds ineffective. His PCP referred him for evaluation and treatment.

    Or

    P.H., a 16-year-old Hispanic female, presents for psychiatric evaluation for concentration difficulty. She is not currently prescribed psychotropic medications. She is referred by her therapist for medication evaluation and treatment.

    Then, this section continues with the symptom analysis for your note. Thorough documentation in this section is essential for patient care, coding, and billing analysis.

    Paint a picture of what is wrong with the patient. First what is bringing the patient to your evaluation. Then, include a PSYCHIATRIC REVIEW OF SYMPTOMS. The symptoms onset, duration, frequency, severity, and impact. Your description here will guide your differential diagnoses. You are seeking symptoms that may align with many DSM-5-TR diagnoses, narrowing to what aligns with diagnostic criteria for mental health and substance use disorders.

    **Past Psychiatric History**: This section documents the patient’s past treatments. Use the mnemonic
    **G** o
    **Ch** a
    **MP.**

    **G** eneral Statement: Typically, this is a statement of the patients first treatment experience. For example: The patient entered treatment at the age of 10 with counseling for depression during her parents’ divorce. OR The patient entered treatment for detox at age 26 after abusing alcohol since age 13.

    **C** aregivers are listed if applicable.

    **H** ospitalizations: How many hospitalizations? When and where was last hospitalization? How many detox? How many residential treatments? When and where was last detox/residential treatment? Any history of suicidal or homicidal behaviors? Any history of self-harm behaviors?

    **M** edication trials: What are the previous psychotropic medications the patient has tried and what was their reaction? Effective, Not Effective, Adverse Reaction? Some examples: Haloperidol (dystonic reaction), risperidone (hyperprolactinemia), olanzapine (effective, insurance wouldn’t pay for it)

    **P** sychotherapy or
    **P** revious Psychiatric Diagnosis: This section can be completed one of two ways depending on what you want to capture to support the evaluation. First, does the patient know what type? Did they find psychotherapy helpful or not? Why? Second, what are the previous diagnosis for the client noted from previous treatments and other providers. Thirdly, you could document both.

    **Substance Use History:** This section contains any history or current use of caffeine, nicotine, illicit substance (including marijuana), and alcohol. Include the daily amount of use and last known use. Include type of use such as inhales, snorts, IV, etc. Include any histories of withdrawal complications from tremors, Delirium Tremens, or seizures.

    **Family Psychiatric/Substance Use History:** This section contains any family history of psychiatric illness, substance use illnesses, and family suicides. You may choose to use a genogram to depict this information. Be sure to include a reader’s key to your genogram or write up in narrative form.

    **Social History:** This section may be lengthy if completing an evaluation for psychotherapy or shorter if completing an evaluation for psychopharmacology. However, at a minimum, please include:

    Where patient was born, who raised the patient

    Number of brothers/sisters (what order is the patient within siblings)

    Who the patient currently lives with in a home? Are they single, married, divorced, widowed? How many children?

    Educational Level

    Hobbies:

    Work History: currently working/profession, disabled, unemployed, retired?

    Legal history: past hx, any current issues?

    Trauma history: Any childhood or adult history of trauma?

    Violence Hx:
    Concern or issues about safety (personal, home, community, sexual (current & historical)

    **Medical History:** This section contains any illnesses, surgeries, include any hx of seizures, head injuries.

    **Current Medications**: Include dosage, frequency, length of time used, and reason for use. Also include OTC or homeopathic products.

    **Allergies**:
    Include medication, food, and environmental allergies separately. Provide a description of what the allergy is (e.g., angioedema, anaphylaxis). This will help determine a true reaction vs. intolerance.

    **Reproductive Hx**:
    Menstrual history (date of LMP), Pregnant (yes or no), Nursing/lactating (yes or no), contraceptive use (method used), types of intercourse: oral, anal, vaginal, other, any sexual concerns

    **ROS**: Cover all body systems that may help you include or rule out a differential diagnosis. Please note: THIS IS DIFFERENT from a physical examination!

    You should list each system as follows:
    General:Head:
    EENT: etc. You should list these in bullet format and document the systems in order from head to toe.

    Example of Complete ROS:

    GENERAL: No weight loss, fever, chills, weakness, or fatigue.

    HEENT: Eyes: No visual loss, blurred vision, double vision, or yellow sclerae. Ears, Nose, Throat: No hearing loss, sneezing, congestion, runny nose, or sore throat.

    SKIN: No rash or itching.

    CARDIOVASCULAR: No chest pain, chest pressure, or chest discomfort. No palpitations or edema.

    RESPIRATORY: No shortness of breath, cough, or sputum.

    GASTROINTESTINAL: No anorexia, nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea. No abdominal pain or blood.

    GENITOURINARY: Burning on urination, urgency, hesitancy, odor, odd color

    NEUROLOGICAL: No headache, dizziness, syncope, paralysis, ataxia, numbness, or tingling in the extremities. No change in bowel or bladder control.

    MUSCULOSKELETAL: No muscle, back pain, joint pain, or stiffness.

    HEMATOLOGIC: No anemia, bleeding, or bruising.

    LYMPHATICS: No enlarged nodes. No history of splenectomy.

    ENDOCRINOLOGIC: No reports of sweating, cold, or heat intolerance. No polyuria or polydipsia.

    **Physical exam (If applicable and if you have opportunity to perform—document if exam is completed by PCP)**: From head to toe, include what you see, hear, and feel when doing your physical exam. You only need to examine the systems that are pertinent to the CC, HPI, and History.
    **Do not use “WNL” or “normal.” You must describe what you see.** Always document in head-to-toe format i.e., General: Head: EENT: etc.

    **Diagnostic results**: Include any labs, X-rays, or other diagnostics that are needed to develop the differential diagnoses (support with evidenced and guidelines).

    **A** ssessment

    **Mental Status Examination:** For the purposes of your courses, this section must be presented in paragraph form and not use of a checklist! This section you will describe the patient’s appearance, attitude, behavior, mood and affect, speech, thought processes, thought content, perceptions (hallucinations, pseudohallucinations, illusions, etc.)., cognition, insight, judgment, and SI/HI. See an example below. You will modify to include the specifics for your patient on the above elements—DO NOT just copy the example. You may use a preceptor’s way of organizing the information if the MSE is in paragraph form.

    He is an 8-year-old African American male who looks his stated age. He is cooperative with examiner. He is neatly groomed and clean, dressed appropriately. There is no evidence of any abnormal motor activity. His speech is clear, coherent, normal in volume and tone. His thought process is goal directed and logical. There is no evidence of looseness of association or flight of ideas. His mood is euthymic, and his affect appropriate to his mood. He was smiling at times in an appropriate manner. He denies any auditory or visual hallucinations. There is no evidence of any delusional thinking.   He denies any current suicidal or homicidal ideation. Cognitively, he is alert and oriented. His recent and remote memory is intact. His concentration is good. His insight is good.

    **Differential Diagnoses**:
    You must have at least three differentials with supporting evidence. Explain what rules each differential in or out and justify your primary diagnostic impression selection. You will use supporting evidence from the literature to support your rationale. Include pertinent positives and pertinent negatives for the specific patient case.

    **Also included in this section is the reflection.** Reflect on this case and discuss whether or not you agree with your preceptor’s assessment and diagnostic impression of the patient and why or why not. What did you learn from this case? What would you do differently?

    Also include in your reflection a discussion related to legal/ethical considerations (
    **demonstrating critical thinking beyond confidentiality and consent for treatment!**), social determinates of health, health promotion and disease prevention taking into consideration patient factors (such as age, ethnic group, etc.), PMH, and other risk factors (e.g., socioeconomic, cultural background, etc.).

    **References (move to begin on next page)**

    You are required to include at least three evidence-based, peer-reviewed journal articles or evidenced-based guidelines which relate to this case to support your diagnostics and differentials diagnoses. Be sure to use correct APA 7th edition formatting.

    © 2021 Walden University Page 1 of 3

    **ComprehensivePsychiatricEvaluationandPatient.docx**

    This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/comprehensivepsychiatricevaluationandpatient-docx)