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JWI 505: Business Communications and Executive Presence
Week 3 Lecture Notes
© Strayer University. All Rights Reserved. This document contains Strayer University confidential and proprietary information and may not be
copied, further distributed, or otherwise disclosed, in whole or in part, without the expressed written permission of Strayer University.
JWI 505 – Lecture Notes (1206) Page 1 of 6
Intercultural Communication
What It Means
Think back to a time when you traveled outside your hometown. Perhaps this was when you
were moving to college, or taking a business trip, or just going on vacation. Regardless of
where you went or how long you stayed, you experienced a cultural shock. You met people
who did not handle business the way you do, or who did not have the same ethical values you
do. They may not have even looked like you. As a result, you were forced to adjust to your
new surroundings.
In the business world, this is something you do every day without noticing it. In today’s
environment, the people you work with come from a variety of backgrounds, norms, and belief
systems. Your coworkers may not even be sitting in the same office as you – they could be on
the other side of the world! Regardless of where they are located or where they are from, they
need to engage with you if you want to achieve your goals. And you will win their engagement
if you know how to communicate your ideas across cultures.
In this lecture, we will explore why cultural literacy is so important, and what cues to look for
when interacting across cultures. We will also explore a framework for how different cultures
approach business and learn how to apply this framework to our own communications.
Why It Matters
• Our cultures and backgrounds significantly impact the way we conduct business.
• Globalization necessitates interacting with people from different cultures.
• Leaders must know the right cultural cues to sidestep conflict and promote
collaboration.
“Most of my important lessons about life have come from recognizing how others from a
different culture view things.”
Edgar H. Schein
JWI 505: Business Communications and Executive Presence
Week 3 Lecture Notes
© Strayer University. All Rights Reserved. This document contains Strayer University confidential and proprietary information and may not be
copied, further distributed, or otherwise disclosed, in whole or in part, without the expressed written permission of Strayer University.
JWI 505 – Lecture Notes (1206) Page 2 of 6
The Foundations of Culture
Before we learn how to communicate effectively across cultures, we need to understand what
exactly culture is. Like many of the terms we discuss in this course, culture can be abstract
and tricky to describe. Writing for the Intercultural Development Research Institute, Dr. Milton
J. Bennett defines culture as almost synonymous with “worldview.” It is “a generalization
about how a group of people coordinate meaning and action among themselves.”1 Culture
entails various institutions and rules, and it is comprised of elements like religion, customs,
education, and aesthetics. But underlying all of these components is a shared understanding
of how to experience the world.
The clothes you wear and the music you listen to illustrate some of your cultural values very
clearly. It is also easy to distinguish other cultures based on their aesthetics and ideas of
beauty. But what makes communicating across cultures particularly challenging is that many
cultural differences are not so easy to recognize. For example, think about how authority is
demonstrated in your workplace. If you work for a company in the United States, you may
have no problem calling your boss by their first name. But if you work for a company in India,
you would almost always refer to your boss by their title or an honorific to show respect.
Similarly, it used to be an American business tradition to give a gold watch to someone who
was retiring. If you tried giving a watch to an employee in China, however, you would offend
them immensely; in Chinese culture, watches and clocks are associated with death.
Nobody is perfect, and communication errors can happen even if you are talking to someone
with the same background as you. Regardless, you must be on the lookout for even the
subtlest cultural differences between you and your colleagues. Being able to modify your
behavior to accommodate varying cultural norms is one of the strongest communicative skills
you can develop as a leader. It shows that you are adaptive and can make your message
understandable to many different audiences. When you are culturally literate, you are better
able to manage employees, develop products, and conduct negotiations. Your cultural savvy
demonstrates that you respect your listeners enough to learn about their worldviews.
1 Milton J. Bennett, “Intercultural Communication,” Intercultural Development Research Institute, n.d.,
https://www.idrinstitute.org/resources/intercultural-communication/.
JWI 505: Business Communications and Executive Presence
Week 3 Lecture Notes
© Strayer University. All Rights Reserved. This document contains Strayer University confidential and proprietary information and may not be
copied, further distributed, or otherwise disclosed, in whole or in part, without the expressed written permission of Strayer University.
JWI 505 – Lecture Notes (1206) Page 3 of 6
Getting Lost in Translation
In 2018, to celebrate the upcoming FIFA World Cup, a German brewery named Eichbaum
tried a new marketing campaign. They printed the flags of each of the competing national
teams on their beer bottle caps. This may have seemed like a fun idea, but Eichbaum failed to
account for a very important cultural distinction. One of the competing teams was Saudi
Arabia, where alcohol is banned. Even worse for Eichbaum, the Saudi flag contains the
shahada, an Islamic creed; alcohol is forbidden in Islam. The brewery immediately moved to
recall bottles with the Saudi flag and apologized for offending adherents of an entire religion.
The business world is rife with examples of cultural misunderstandings and oversights. They
happen when you do not carefully research the cultures you interact with. It did not occur to
Eichbaum’s marketing team that the campaign might offend someone. Because of their lack
of foresight, the brewery found itself at the center of controversy. The team may have made
an honest mistake, but it was a particularly careless one.
Not picking up on cultural nuances and details can derail even the most ambitious business
plans. For a company like Eichbaum, it meant a significant amount of bad press. In some
cases, though, it can destroy an entire business venture. For example, Walmart operates
thousands of stores around the world. But the company never attained a foothold in Germany,
and not for lack of trying. In the late 1990s, Wal-Mart (as it was called at the time) bought two
local retail chains in an effort to expand into the German market. Over the next decade, it
quickly became obvious that the qualities that made the company popular in America were
not working at all in Germany. In Germany, companies and unions are very closely
connected, a scenario that Wal-Mart’s management did not appreciate. Additionally, Wal-Mart
employees were instructed to be casual and friendly with customers. In America, that is quite
commonplace. But German customers found smiling, chatty cashiers to be inauthentic and
even flirtatious. In 2006, Wal-Mart bowed out of Germany, having lost roughly a billion dollars.
Being culturally fluent would have helped Wal-Mart to avoid this major loss; you cannot
assume that all of your ideas and messages will get translated perfectly, or that your values
are universally shared. Just as importantly, you cannot assume you never have to tailor your
message to different audiences because it is “great the way it is.” One of the biggest mistakes
JWI 505: Business Communications and Executive Presence
Week 3 Lecture Notes
© Strayer University. All Rights Reserved. This document contains Strayer University confidential and proprietary information and may not be
copied, further distributed, or otherwise disclosed, in whole or in part, without the expressed written permission of Strayer University.
JWI 505 – Lecture Notes (1206) Page 4 of 6
you can make when communicating across cultures is to adopt an ethnocentric approach.
Ethnocentrism is the belief that your own culture – and everything it entails – is superior to
other cultures. Ethnocentric people see no point in being culturally savvy; everyone else
needs to adapt to them. This is an immensely problematic worldview. On an ethical level, it
distorts your views of other cultures and makes you more likely to rely on stereotypes. On a
business level, being ethnocentric can blind you to valuable opportunities. Think about how
many international deals have failed because one side did not want to work with a
“backwards” country. There is nothing wrong with being proud of your own culture. But never
assume it is the only culture worth knowing.
Recognizing Intangible Differences
One of the easiest ways to think about culture is to use comparative dimensions. Think of
these dimensions as broad issues that define how a society is organized. The idea of cultural
dimensions was most famously developed by Dutch psychologist Geert Hofstede. After
studying employees’ values, Hofstede suggested that we can understand cultures through six
dimensions. Each country can be placed on a scale of 0 to 100, with 100 being the most
extreme form of that dimension. Those dimensions are:
1. Power Distance. Is there a clear and unquestioned hierarchy, or do people question
authority? Do employees place their supervisors on pedestals, or do they feel
comfortable approaching their bosses? On Hofstede’s scale, Russia scored 93;
authority is very clearly set in stone. The United Kingdom, on the other hand, scored
35. People have fewer issues talking to or questioning authority figures.
2. Individualism. Do people feel independent, or do they rely on help from their society?
Do your own decisions matter more than your larger group’s decisions? The U.S.
scored 91 for Individualism; Americans feel they can make their own choices. China
scored 20. Relationships with broader communities matter more.
3. Masculinity. How important is winning? Are people openly competitive, or are
relationships more important? Japan scored 95, indicating that employees are
JWI 505: Business Communications and Executive Presence
Week 3 Lecture Notes
© Strayer University. All Rights Reserved. This document contains Strayer University confidential and proprietary information and may not be
copied, further distributed, or otherwise disclosed, in whole or in part, without the expressed written permission of Strayer University.
JWI 505 – Lecture Notes (1206) Page 5 of 6
assertive and expect to be rewarded for their success. Sweden only scored 5,
suggesting that being cooperative is much more important than being rewarded.
4. Uncertainty Avoidance. Does ambiguity make people anxious? Are people
comfortable with different or risky behavior? Turkey scored 85 here. Rules and
guidelines are very strictly interpreted. Vietnam scored 30; different ideas are more
widely accepted.
5. Long Term Orientation. What is more important, adaptation or tradition? Are people
actively preparing for a different future? In this dimension, Taiwan scored 93. For
Taiwanese workers, new problems require new and innovative solutions. The U.S., by
contrast, scored 26. Adhering to “what worked in the past” is more important for
American workers.
6. Indulgence. Can people do what makes them feel good? Is having fun more
important than having responsibilities? Nigeria scored 84 for Indulgence, suggesting
that Nigerian workers feel free to include enjoyable activities at work. Poland scored
29, indicating that, for Polish employees, work is not meant to be fun.
While Hofstede’s framework contains many generalizations, it is extremely helpful for
remembering the philosophies that guide each of our cultures. When you know these
philosophies, you better understand why people think and act the way they do.
Considering Culture in Your Communications
In Winning, Jack talked about the obstacles he faced when he advocated for differentiation
around the globe. He was told that Danish society was too egalitarian and that Japanese
workers valued politeness over candor. But Jack kept pushing his message, and he found
that those cultural obstacles were not insurmountable at all. Delivering your message across
cultures is definitely more complicated than it looks, but it is not impossible.2
2 Jack Welch, Winning (New York: HarperCollins Publishers, Inc., 2005), 47-49.
JWI 505: Business Communications and Executive Presence
Week 3 Lecture Notes
© Strayer University. All Rights Reserved. This document contains Strayer University confidential and proprietary information and may not be
copied, further distributed, or otherwise disclosed, in whole or in part, without the expressed written permission of Strayer University.
JWI 505 – Lecture Notes (1206) Page 6 of 6
The key to intercultural communication is being cognizant of your differences. There are two
ways to demonstrate this. The first is to never make assumptions about your listeners. You
may be used to adding idioms and figures of speech to your conversation, but not all of them
translate very well. If you are an English speaker and you want to bring up an uncomfortable
and unstated topic, you might say, “We need to talk about the elephant in the room.” That
expression might make sense to other English speakers, but not necessarily to everyone
else. Be careful with your body language, too. If you are American and you want to show that
something is “a-okay,” you might make a circle with your thumb and index finger. But if you
are Brazilian, that gesture would be extremely vulgar. Also, if someone’s words or gestures
offend you, do not assume that they mean to be disrespectful. They may just not be familiar
with your cultural norms.
The second way to demonstrate your consideration is to pay attention to details. This can
really help to establish that you care about your listeners. When you host a webinar or a
conference call, think about what time zones your attendees are in. If it is a recurring webinar,
consider alternating meeting times if possible. If you are unsure of how to pronounce
someone’s name, ask them before you say it. This shows you take that person seriously
enough to get their name right. Do not feel like you can only talk about work with your listener.
If both of you feel comfortable, ask them about their hobbies, their social lives, or their
families. Get to know them as a person, not just a coworker.
Looking Ahead
In this lecture, we explored the value of strong intercultural communication. We examined why it
is so difficult, and we learned how to deliver messages and display understanding across
different cultures. Remember, excelling at intercultural communication is not just “being
politically correct.” It is thinking very carefully about how your message will be received and how
to best communicate with all of your listeners.
In the next lecture, we will delve into the fundamentals of team communication. We will learn the
unique approaches you need to take in delivering your messages to groups of people. We will
also identify ways to run effective meetings and to build strong, productive relationships with
your closest colleagues.
**CommunicationDiscussion3.jpeg**
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**Communications3Materials.jpeg**
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**Communications3Materials.jpeg**
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**## JWI505Week3LectureNotes.pdf**
JWI 505: Business Communications and Executive Presence
Week 3 Lecture Notes
© Strayer University. All Rights Reserved. This document contains Strayer University confidential and proprietary information and may not be
copied, further distributed, or otherwise disclosed, in whole or in part, without the expressed written permission of Strayer University.
JWI 505 – Lecture Notes (1206) Page 1 of 6
Intercultural Communication
What It Means
Think back to a time when you traveled outside your hometown. Perhaps this was when you
were moving to college, or taking a business trip, or just going on vacation. Regardless of
where you went or how long you stayed, you experienced a cultural shock. You met people
who did not handle business the way you do, or who did not have the same ethical values you
do. They may not have even looked like you. As a result, you were forced to adjust to your
new surroundings.
In the business world, this is something you do every day without noticing it. In today’s
environment, the people you work with come from a variety of backgrounds, norms, and belief
systems. Your coworkers may not even be sitting in the same office as you – they could be on
the other side of the world! Regardless of where they are located or where they are from, they
need to engage with you if you want to achieve your goals. And you will win their engagement
if you know how to communicate your ideas across cultures.
In this lecture, we will explore why cultural literacy is so important, and what cues to look for
when interacting across cultures. We will also explore a framework for how different cultures
approach business and learn how to apply this framework to our own communications.
Why It Matters
• Our cultures and backgrounds significantly impact the way we conduct business.
• Globalization necessitates interacting with people from different cultures.
• Leaders must know the right cultural cues to sidestep conflict and promote
collaboration.
“Most of my important lessons about life have come from recognizing how others from a
different culture view things.”
Edgar H. Schein
JWI 505: Business Communications and Executive Presence
Week 3 Lecture Notes
© Strayer University. All Rights Reserved. This document contains Strayer University confidential and proprietary information and may not be
copied, further distributed, or otherwise disclosed, in whole or in part, without the expressed written permission of Strayer University.
JWI 505 – Lecture Notes (1206) Page 2 of 6
The Foundations of Culture
Before we learn how to communicate effectively across cultures, we need to understand what
exactly culture is. Like many of the terms we discuss in this course, culture can be abstract
and tricky to describe. Writing for the Intercultural Development Research Institute, Dr. Milton
J. Bennett defines culture as almost synonymous with “worldview.” It is “a generalization
about how a group of people coordinate meaning and action among themselves.”1 Culture
entails various institutions and rules, and it is comprised of elements like religion, customs,
education, and aesthetics. But underlying all of these components is a shared understanding
of how to experience the world.
The clothes you wear and the music you listen to illustrate some of your cultural values very
clearly. It is also easy to distinguish other cultures based on their aesthetics and ideas of
beauty. But what makes communicating across cultures particularly challenging is that many
cultural differences are not so easy to recognize. For example, think about how authority is
demonstrated in your workplace. If you work for a company in the United States, you may
have no problem calling your boss by their first name. But if you work for a company in India,
you would almost always refer to your boss by their title or an honorific to show respect.
Similarly, it used to be an American business tradition to give a gold watch to someone who
was retiring. If you tried giving a watch to an employee in China, however, you would offend
them immensely; in Chinese culture, watches and clocks are associated with death.
Nobody is perfect, and communication errors can happen even if you are talking to someone
with the same background as you. Regardless, you must be on the lookout for even the
subtlest cultural differences between you and your colleagues. Being able to modify your
behavior to accommodate varying cultural norms is one of the strongest communicative skills
you can develop as a leader. It shows that you are adaptive and can make your message
understandable to many different audiences. When you are culturally literate, you are better
able to manage employees, develop products, and conduct negotiations. Your cultural savvy
demonstrates that you respect your listeners enough to learn about their worldviews.
1 Milton J. Bennett, “Intercultural Communication,” Intercultural Development Research Institute, n.d.,
https://www.idrinstitute.org/resources/intercultural-communication/.
JWI 505: Business Communications and Executive Presence
Week 3 Lecture Notes
© Strayer University. All Rights Reserved. This document contains Strayer University confidential and proprietary information and may not be
copied, further distributed, or otherwise disclosed, in whole or in part, without the expressed written permission of Strayer University.
JWI 505 – Lecture Notes (1206) Page 3 of 6
Getting Lost in Translation
In 2018, to celebrate the upcoming FIFA World Cup, a German brewery named Eichbaum
tried a new marketing campaign. They printed the flags of each of the competing national
teams on their beer bottle caps. This may have seemed like a fun idea, but Eichbaum failed to
account for a very important cultural distinction. One of the competing teams was Saudi
Arabia, where alcohol is banned. Even worse for Eichbaum, the Saudi flag contains the
shahada, an Islamic creed; alcohol is forbidden in Islam. The brewery immediately moved to
recall bottles with the Saudi flag and apologized for offending adherents of an entire religion.
The business world is rife with examples of cultural misunderstandings and oversights. They
happen when you do not carefully research the cultures you interact with. It did not occur to
Eichbaum’s marketing team that the campaign might offend someone. Because of their lack
of foresight, the brewery found itself at the center of controversy. The team may have made
an honest mistake, but it was a particularly careless one.
Not picking up on cultural nuances and details can derail even the most ambitious business
plans. For a company like Eichbaum, it meant a significant amount of bad press. In some
cases, though, it can destroy an entire business venture. For example, Walmart operates
thousands of stores around the world. But the company never attained a foothold in Germany,
and not for lack of trying. In the late 1990s, Wal-Mart (as it was called at the time) bought two
local retail chains in an effort to expand into the German market. Over the next decade, it
quickly became obvious that the qualities that made the company popular in America were
not working at all in Germany. In Germany, companies and unions are very closely
connected, a scenario that Wal-Mart’s management did not appreciate. Additionally, Wal-Mart
employees were instructed to be casual and friendly with customers. In America, that is quite
commonplace. But German customers found smiling, chatty cashiers to be inauthentic and
even flirtatious. In 2006, Wal-Mart bowed out of Germany, having lost roughly a billion dollars.
Being culturally fluent would have helped Wal-Mart to avoid this major loss; you cannot
assume that all of your ideas and messages will get translated perfectly, or that your values
are universally shared. Just as importantly, you cannot assume you never have to tailor your
message to different audiences because it is “great the way it is.” One of the biggest mistakes
JWI 505: Business Communications and Executive Presence
Week 3 Lecture Notes
© Strayer University. All Rights Reserved. This document contains Strayer University confidential and proprietary information and may not be
copied, further distributed, or otherwise disclosed, in whole or in part, without the expressed written permission of Strayer University.
JWI 505 – Lecture Notes (1206) Page 4 of 6
you can make when communicating across cultures is to adopt an ethnocentric approach.
Ethnocentrism is the belief that your own culture – and everything it entails – is superior to
other cultures. Ethnocentric people see no point in being culturally savvy; everyone else
needs to adapt to them. This is an immensely problematic worldview. On an ethical level, it
distorts your views of other cultures and makes you more likely to rely on stereotypes. On a
business level, being ethnocentric can blind you to valuable opportunities. Think about how
many international deals have failed because one side did not want to work with a
“backwards” country. There is nothing wrong with being proud of your own culture. But never
assume it is the only culture worth knowing.
Recognizing Intangible Differences
One of the easiest ways to think about culture is to use comparative dimensions. Think of
these dimensions as broad issues that define how a society is organized. The idea of cultural
dimensions was most famously developed by Dutch psychologist Geert Hofstede. After
studying employees’ values, Hofstede suggested that we can understand cultures through six
dimensions. Each country can be placed on a scale of 0 to 100, with 100 being the most
extreme form of that dimension. Those dimensions are:
1. Power Distance. Is there a clear and unquestioned hierarchy, or do people question
authority? Do employees place their supervisors on pedestals, or do they feel
comfortable approaching their bosses? On Hofstede’s scale, Russia scored 93;
authority is very clearly set in stone. The United Kingdom, on the other hand, scored
35. People have fewer issues talking to or questioning authority figures.
2. Individualism. Do people feel independent, or do they rely on help from their society?
Do your own decisions matter more than your larger group’s decisions? The U.S.
scored 91 for Individualism; Americans feel they can make their own choices. China
scored 20. Relationships with broader communities matter more.
3. Masculinity. How important is winning? Are people openly competitive, or are
relationships more important? Japan scored 95, indicating that employees are
JWI 505: Business Communications and Executive Presence
Week 3 Lecture Notes
© Strayer University. All Rights Reserved. This document contains Strayer University confidential and proprietary information and may not be
copied, further distributed, or otherwise disclosed, in whole or in part, without the expressed written permission of Strayer University.
JWI 505 – Lecture Notes (1206) Page 5 of 6
assertive and expect to be rewarded for their success. Sweden only scored 5,
suggesting that being cooperative is much more important than being rewarded.
4. Uncertainty Avoidance. Does ambiguity make people anxious? Are people
comfortable with different or risky behavior? Turkey scored 85 here. Rules and
guidelines are very strictly interpreted. Vietnam scored 30; different ideas are more
widely accepted.
5. Long Term Orientation. What is more important, adaptation or tradition? Are people
actively preparing for a different future? In this dimension, Taiwan scored 93. For
Taiwanese workers, new problems require new and innovative solutions. The U.S., by
contrast, scored 26. Adhering to “what worked in the past” is more important for
American workers.
6. Indulgence. Can people do what makes them feel good? Is having fun more
important than having responsibilities? Nigeria scored 84 for Indulgence, suggesting
that Nigerian workers feel free to include enjoyable activities at work. Poland scored
29, indicating that, for Polish employees, work is not meant to be fun.
While Hofstede’s framework contains many generalizations, it is extremely helpful for
remembering the philosophies that guide each of our cultures. When you know these
philosophies, you better understand why people think and act the way they do.
Considering Culture in Your Communications
In Winning, Jack talked about the obstacles he faced when he advocated for differentiation
around the globe. He was told that Danish society was too egalitarian and that Japanese
workers valued politeness over candor. But Jack kept pushing his message, and he found
that those cultural obstacles were not insurmountable at all. Delivering your message across
cultures is definitely more complicated than it looks, but it is not impossible.2
2 Jack Welch, Winning (New York: HarperCollins Publishers, Inc., 2005), 47-49.
JWI 505: Business Communications and Executive Presence
Week 3 Lecture Notes
© Strayer University. All Rights Reserved. This document contains Strayer University confidential and proprietary information and may not be
copied, further distributed, or otherwise disclosed, in whole or in part, without the expressed written permission of Strayer University.
JWI 505 – Lecture Notes (1206) Page 6 of 6
The key to intercultural communication is being cognizant of your differences. There are two
ways to demonstrate this. The first is to never make assumptions about your listeners. You
may be used to adding idioms and figures of speech to your conversation, but not all of them
translate very well. If you are an English speaker and you want to bring up an uncomfortable
and unstated topic, you might say, “We need to talk about the elephant in the room.” That
expression might make sense to other English speakers, but not necessarily to everyone
else. Be careful with your body language, too. If you are American and you want to show that
something is “a-okay,” you might make a circle with your thumb and index finger. But if you
are Brazilian, that gesture would be extremely vulgar. Also, if someone’s words or gestures
offend you, do not assume that they mean to be disrespectful. They may just not be familiar
with your cultural norms.
The second way to demonstrate your consideration is to pay attention to details. This can
really help to establish that you care about your listeners. When you host a webinar or a
conference call, think about what time zones your attendees are in. If it is a recurring webinar,
consider alternating meeting times if possible. If you are unsure of how to pronounce
someone’s name, ask them before you say it. This shows you take that person seriously
enough to get their name right. Do not feel like you can only talk about work with your listener.
If both of you feel comfortable, ask them about their hobbies, their social lives, or their
families. Get to know them as a person, not just a coworker.
Looking Ahead
In this lecture, we explored the value of strong intercultural communication. We examined why it
is so difficult, and we learned how to deliver messages and display understanding across
different cultures. Remember, excelling at intercultural communication is not just “being
politically correct.” It is thinking very carefully about how your message will be received and how
to best communicate with all of your listeners.
In the next lecture, we will delve into the fundamentals of team communication. We will learn the
unique approaches you need to take in delivering your messages to groups of people. We will
also identify ways to run effective meetings and to build strong, productive relationships with
your closest colleagues.
**CommunicationDiscussion3.jpeg**
This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/communicationdiscussion3-jpeg)
**Communications3Materials.jpeg**
This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/communications3materials-jpeg)
**## JWI505Week3LectureNotes.pdf**
JWI 505: Business Communications and Executive Presence
Week 3 Lecture Notes
© Strayer University. All Rights Reserved. This document contains Strayer University confidential and proprietary information and may not be
copied, further distributed, or otherwise disclosed, in whole or in part, without the expressed written permission of Strayer University.
JWI 505 – Lecture Notes (1206) Page 1 of 6
Intercultural Communication
What It Means
Think back to a time when you traveled outside your hometown. Perhaps this was when you
were moving to college, or taking a business trip, or just going on vacation. Regardless of
where you went or how long you stayed, you experienced a cultural shock. You met people
who did not handle business the way you do, or who did not have the same ethical values you
do. They may not have even looked like you. As a result, you were forced to adjust to your
new surroundings.
In the business world, this is something you do every day without noticing it. In today’s
environment, the people you work with come from a variety of backgrounds, norms, and belief
systems. Your coworkers may not even be sitting in the same office as you – they could be on
the other side of the world! Regardless of where they are located or where they are from, they
need to engage with you if you want to achieve your goals. And you will win their engagement
if you know how to communicate your ideas across cultures.
In this lecture, we will explore why cultural literacy is so important, and what cues to look for
when interacting across cultures. We will also explore a framework for how different cultures
approach business and learn how to apply this framework to our own communications.
Why It Matters
• Our cultures and backgrounds significantly impact the way we conduct business.
• Globalization necessitates interacting with people from different cultures.
• Leaders must know the right cultural cues to sidestep conflict and promote
collaboration.
“Most of my important lessons about life have come from recognizing how others from a
different culture view things.”
Edgar H. Schein
JWI 505: Business Communications and Executive Presence
Week 3 Lecture Notes
© Strayer University. All Rights Reserved. This document contains Strayer University confidential and proprietary information and may not be
copied, further distributed, or otherwise disclosed, in whole or in part, without the expressed written permission of Strayer University.
JWI 505 – Lecture Notes (1206) Page 2 of 6
The Foundations of Culture
Before we learn how to communicate effectively across cultures, we need to understand what
exactly culture is. Like many of the terms we discuss in this course, culture can be abstract
and tricky to describe. Writing for the Intercultural Development Research Institute, Dr. Milton
J. Bennett defines culture as almost synonymous with “worldview.” It is “a generalization
about how a group of people coordinate meaning and action among themselves.”1 Culture
entails various institutions and rules, and it is comprised of elements like religion, customs,
education, and aesthetics. But underlying all of these components is a shared understanding
of how to experience the world.
The clothes you wear and the music you listen to illustrate some of your cultural values very
clearly. It is also easy to distinguish other cultures based on their aesthetics and ideas of
beauty. But what makes communicating across cultures particularly challenging is that many
cultural differences are not so easy to recognize. For example, think about how authority is
demonstrated in your workplace. If you work for a company in the United States, you may
have no problem calling your boss by their first name. But if you work for a company in India,
you would almost always refer to your boss by their title or an honorific to show respect.
Similarly, it used to be an American business tradition to give a gold watch to someone who
was retiring. If you tried giving a watch to an employee in China, however, you would offend
them immensely; in Chinese culture, watches and clocks are associated with death.
Nobody is perfect, and communication errors can happen even if you are talking to someone
with the same background as you. Regardless, you must be on the lookout for even the
subtlest cultural differences between you and your colleagues. Being able to modify your
behavior to accommodate varying cultural norms is one of the strongest communicative skills
you can develop as a leader. It shows that you are adaptive and can make your message
understandable to many different audiences. When you are culturally literate, you are better
able to manage employees, develop products, and conduct negotiations. Your cultural savvy
demonstrates that you respect your listeners enough to learn about their worldviews.
1 Milton J. Bennett, “Intercultural Communication,” Intercultural Development Research Institute, n.d.,
https://www.idrinstitute.org/resources/intercultural-communication/.
JWI 505: Business Communications and Executive Presence
Week 3 Lecture Notes
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JWI 505 – Lecture Notes (1206) Page 3 of 6
Getting Lost in Translation
In 2018, to celebrate the upcoming FIFA World Cup, a German brewery named Eichbaum
tried a new marketing campaign. They printed the flags of each of the competing national
teams on their beer bottle caps. This may have seemed like a fun idea, but Eichbaum failed to
account for a very important cultural distinction. One of the competing teams was Saudi
Arabia, where alcohol is banned. Even worse for Eichbaum, the Saudi flag contains the
shahada, an Islamic creed; alcohol is forbidden in Islam. The brewery immediately moved to
recall bottles with the Saudi flag and apologized for offending adherents of an entire religion.
The business world is rife with examples of cultural misunderstandings and oversights. They
happen when you do not carefully research the cultures you interact with. It did not occur to
Eichbaum’s marketing team that the campaign might offend someone. Because of their lack
of foresight, the brewery found itself at the center of controversy. The team may have made
an honest mistake, but it was a particularly careless one.
Not picking up on cultural nuances and details can derail even the most ambitious business
plans. For a company like Eichbaum, it meant a significant amount of bad press. In some
cases, though, it can destroy an entire business venture. For example, Walmart operates
thousands of stores around the world. But the company never attained a foothold in Germany,
and not for lack of trying. In the late 1990s, Wal-Mart (as it was called at the time) bought two
local retail chains in an effort to expand into the German market. Over the next decade, it
quickly became obvious that the qualities that made the company popular in America were
not working at all in Germany. In Germany, companies and unions are very closely
connected, a scenario that Wal-Mart’s management did not appreciate. Additionally, Wal-Mart
employees were instructed to be casual and friendly with customers. In America, that is quite
commonplace. But German customers found smiling, chatty cashiers to be inauthentic and
even flirtatious. In 2006, Wal-Mart bowed out of Germany, having lost roughly a billion dollars.
Being culturally fluent would have helped Wal-Mart to avoid this major loss; you cannot
assume that all of your ideas and messages will get translated perfectly, or that your values
are universally shared. Just as importantly, you cannot assume you never have to tailor your
message to different audiences because it is “great the way it is.” One of the biggest mistakes
JWI 505: Business Communications and Executive Presence
Week 3 Lecture Notes
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JWI 505 – Lecture Notes (1206) Page 4 of 6
you can make when communicating across cultures is to adopt an ethnocentric approach.
Ethnocentrism is the belief that your own culture – and everything it entails – is superior to
other cultures. Ethnocentric people see no point in being culturally savvy; everyone else
needs to adapt to them. This is an immensely problematic worldview. On an ethical level, it
distorts your views of other cultures and makes you more likely to rely on stereotypes. On a
business level, being ethnocentric can blind you to valuable opportunities. Think about how
many international deals have failed because one side did not want to work with a
“backwards” country. There is nothing wrong with being proud of your own culture. But never
assume it is the only culture worth knowing.
Recognizing Intangible Differences
One of the easiest ways to think about culture is to use comparative dimensions. Think of
these dimensions as broad issues that define how a society is organized. The idea of cultural
dimensions was most famously developed by Dutch psychologist Geert Hofstede. After
studying employees’ values, Hofstede suggested that we can understand cultures through six
dimensions. Each country can be placed on a scale of 0 to 100, with 100 being the most
extreme form of that dimension. Those dimensions are:
1. Power Distance. Is there a clear and unquestioned hierarchy, or do people question
authority? Do employees place their supervisors on pedestals, or do they feel
comfortable approaching their bosses? On Hofstede’s scale, Russia scored 93;
authority is very clearly set in stone. The United Kingdom, on the other hand, scored
35. People have fewer issues talking to or questioning authority figures.
2. Individualism. Do people feel independent, or do they rely on help from their society?
Do your own decisions matter more than your larger group’s decisions? The U.S.
scored 91 for Individualism; Americans feel they can make their own choices. China
scored 20. Relationships with broader communities matter more.
3. Masculinity. How important is winning? Are people openly competitive, or are
relationships more important? Japan scored 95, indicating that employees are
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Week 3 Lecture Notes
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JWI 505 – Lecture Notes (1206) Page 5 of 6
assertive and expect to be rewarded for their success. Sweden only scored 5,
suggesting that being cooperative is much more important than being rewarded.
4. Uncertainty Avoidance. Does ambiguity make people anxious? Are people
comfortable with different or risky behavior? Turkey scored 85 here. Rules and
guidelines are very strictly interpreted. Vietnam scored 30; different ideas are more
widely accepted.
5. Long Term Orientation. What is more important, adaptation or tradition? Are people
actively preparing for a different future? In this dimension, Taiwan scored 93. For
Taiwanese workers, new problems require new and innovative solutions. The U.S., by
contrast, scored 26. Adhering to “what worked in the past” is more important for
American workers.
6. Indulgence. Can people do what makes them feel good? Is having fun more
important than having responsibilities? Nigeria scored 84 for Indulgence, suggesting
that Nigerian workers feel free to include enjoyable activities at work. Poland scored
29, indicating that, for Polish employees, work is not meant to be fun.
While Hofstede’s framework contains many generalizations, it is extremely helpful for
remembering the philosophies that guide each of our cultures. When you know these
philosophies, you better understand why people think and act the way they do.
Considering Culture in Your Communications
In Winning, Jack talked about the obstacles he faced when he advocated for differentiation
around the globe. He was told that Danish society was too egalitarian and that Japanese
workers valued politeness over candor. But Jack kept pushing his message, and he found
that those cultural obstacles were not insurmountable at all. Delivering your message across
cultures is definitely more complicated than it looks, but it is not impossible.2
2 Jack Welch, Winning (New York: HarperCollins Publishers, Inc., 2005), 47-49.
JWI 505: Business Communications and Executive Presence
Week 3 Lecture Notes
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JWI 505 – Lecture Notes (1206) Page 6 of 6
The key to intercultural communication is being cognizant of your differences. There are two
ways to demonstrate this. The first is to never make assumptions about your listeners. You
may be used to adding idioms and figures of speech to your conversation, but not all of them
translate very well. If you are an English speaker and you want to bring up an uncomfortable
and unstated topic, you might say, “We need to talk about the elephant in the room.” That
expression might make sense to other English speakers, but not necessarily to everyone
else. Be careful with your body language, too. If you are American and you want to show that
something is “a-okay,” you might make a circle with your thumb and index finger. But if you
are Brazilian, that gesture would be extremely vulgar. Also, if someone’s words or gestures
offend you, do not assume that they mean to be disrespectful. They may just not be familiar
with your cultural norms.
The second way to demonstrate your consideration is to pay attention to details. This can
really help to establish that you care about your listeners. When you host a webinar or a
conference call, think about what time zones your attendees are in. If it is a recurring webinar,
consider alternating meeting times if possible. If you are unsure of how to pronounce
someone’s name, ask them before you say it. This shows you take that person seriously
enough to get their name right. Do not feel like you can only talk about work with your listener.
If both of you feel comfortable, ask them about their hobbies, their social lives, or their
families. Get to know them as a person, not just a coworker.
Looking Ahead
In this lecture, we explored the value of strong intercultural communication. We examined why it
is so difficult, and we learned how to deliver messages and display understanding across
different cultures. Remember, excelling at intercultural communication is not just “being
politically correct.” It is thinking very carefully about how your message will be received and how
to best communicate with all of your listeners.
In the next lecture, we will delve into the fundamentals of team communication. We will learn the
unique approaches you need to take in delivering your messages to groups of people. We will
also identify ways to run effective meetings and to build strong, productive relationships with
your closest colleagues.
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